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Reading Rockets. (2023). Basics: Writing. https://www.readingrockets.org/reading-101/reading-and-writing-basics/writing

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Basic Writing Skills: basic skills include spelling, capitalization, punctuation, sentence structure and handwriting/typing (Reading Rockets 2023).

Text Generation: involved the translation of one's thoughts into discernible language, or writing. Text generation includes vocabulary, elaboration, clarity, and conciseness (Reading Rockets 2023).

Writing Processes: involves planning, revising, and editing one's work (Reading Rockets 2023).

Writing Knowledge: includes an understanding of nuance and genre, or comprehending that narrative text is structured differently from informational text (Reading Rockets 2023).

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Students, believe it or not, practice writing every single day in a way you would imagine: social media. Posts, stories, texts, and images are all carefully crafted and intended to convey a purpose or theme. Students are demonstrated literacy by considering their audience, supporting their claims, and using appropriate conventions.

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Listening: refers to the words we need to know to understand what we hear.

Speaking: consist of words we use when we speak.

Reading: refers to the words we need to know to understand what we read.

Writing: consists of the words we use in writing.

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The Importance of Vocabulary Instruction

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The Importance of Vocabulary Instruction

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Vocabulary is essential in reading comprehension. Students must be able to recognize and understand the written words in order to form connections and formulate new opinions. Research suggests that vocabulary is learned indirectly and through direct instruction (Reading Rockets 2023).

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Reading comprehension is the ability to process written text, uncover its meaning/purpose, and apply background knowledge to make connections to the text.

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Fluency is the ability to read a piece of text accurately, swiftly, and with proper inflection (Reading Rockets 2023).

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Fluent reading boosts stamina and provides the reader the ability to get through lengthy or complex texts (Reading Rockets 2023). Additionally, fluency in reading allows the reader to focus on the meaning of text, not the pronunciation of the words (Reading Rockets 2023). Fluent readers are able to make connections to the text whilst reading simultaneously.

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Phonic instruction is designed to assist children in learning about the alphabetic principle- the idea that letters represent sounds of spoken language (Reading Rockets 2023).

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Decoding refers to the process of using letter-sound relationships to translate printed word into speech, also known as "sounding out" a word (Reading Rockets 2023).

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Phonological Awareness is the ability to recognize and work with sounds in spoken language. It is considered as the basic foundation for knowing how to read (Johnson n.d.)

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Phonological Awareness is an early literacy skill that needs to be introduced and further reinforced early in the learning process to provide a foundational level of literacy. It exists in levels and can be further advanced overtime. However, knowledge of the prior level is required to comprehend the preceding level. The higher the level, the more advanced and complex activities will be involved.

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Johnson, K. (n.d.). What is Phonological Awareness. Understood. https://www.understood.org/en/articles/phonological-awareness-what-it-is-and-how-it-works

Reading Rockets. (2023). Basics: Phonological and Phonemic Awareness. https://www.understood.org/en/articles/phonological-awareness-what-it-is-and-how-it-works

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Oral language is any spoken word delivered with the intention of delivering a message, asking a request, or making a statement.

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Listening skills and reading comprehension are especially prudent in develop oral language. Reading aloud to students, a diverse range of materials, and asking comprehension questions will further students' development of oral language (Fisher and Frey 2014). Oftentimes, students can talk a lot more than they can write.

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Read-aloud activities could be beneficial for students of varying language proficines, as it allows the students to hear the language spoken in context. Students are able to see the language modeled in an educational environment that they can replicate for their own comprehension (Fisher and Frey 2014).

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Students learn new vocabulary through colloquial, everyday experiences. By engaging in daily oral activities and listening to adults read/speak, students are indirectly learning vocabulary.

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Reading comprehension is the purpose for reading. Reading is not just simply acknowledging the words on the page, you must be able to make connections and understand the meaning of the text (Reading Rockets 2023). It is essential for school and serves as the foundation for all life-related skills.

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Direct instruction is more formal and structured (Reading Rockets 2023). It can consists of teacher providing students with instruction on a specific set of relevant words or instructing students on word-decoding strategies (i.e. root stems).

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Direct learning would include individual teach conferences, writing workshops, and grammatical lessons. These methods of learning will be more rigid and include a lot of teacher instruction. The indirect method of learning is more student lead. However, this method of learning requires specific instruction to ensure maximum comprehension and develop of knowledge.

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Classroom activities must be both systematic and explicit. Programs of phonics instruction should be taught in an organized, logical sequence, and accompanied with precise directions (Reading Rockets 2023). You should provide frequent opportunities to practice and apply what students have learned about letter-sound relationships by reading stories, articles, and varying forms of text.

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Research has identified two key ways to develop fluency in readers: encourage students to read and reread text and having students practice their reading orally (Reading Rockets 2023). I believe reading aloud is a great way to develop language fluency whilst also increasing collaboration and communication skills. Students can read to a partner and ask higher-level thinking questions to assess their reading comprehension.

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Fisher, D & Frey, N. (2014). Speaking and Listening in Content Area Learning. The Reading Teacher, 68(1), 64–69

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Speaking and Listening in Content Area Learning

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Oral language development facilitates print literacy. In this article, we focus on the ways in which teachers can ensure students' speaking and listening skills are developed. We provide a review of effective classroom routines, including some that can be enhanced with technology.

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Reading Rockets. (2023). Basics: Phonics and Decoding. https://www.readingrockets.org/reading-101/reading-and-writing-basics/phonics-and-decoding#more-on-phonics

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Phonics instruction teaches the relationships between the letters of written language and the sounds of spoken language. To read, children need to understand the alphabetic principle — the idea that letters represent the sounds of spoken language. Decoding is when we use letter-sound relationships t…

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Reading Rockets. (2023). Basics: Fluency. https://www.readingrockets.org/reading-101/reading-and-writing-basics/fluency

Hansbrouck, J. (2023). Developing Fluent Readers. Reading Rockets. https://www.readingrockets.org/topics/fluency/articles/developing-fluent-readers

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Draw on prior knowledge.

Make inferences by reading between the lines and decoding meaning.

Pay attention to textual structure and syntax.

Check your understanding by self-monitoring progress.

Summarize and retell the main ideas and most important details.

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Reading Rockets. (2023). Basics: Reading Comprehension. https://www.readingrockets.org/reading-101/reading-and-writing-basics/reading-comprehension#more-on-comprehension

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Comprehension is the reason for reading. If readers can read the words but do not understand or connect to what they are reading, they are not really reading. Good readers are both purposeful and active, and have the skills to absorb what they read, analyze it, make sense of it, and make it their own.

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Reading Rockets. (2023). Basics: Vocabulary. https://www.readingrockets.org/reading-101/reading-and-writing-basics/vocabulary