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In the novel :

1. The Character of Briony creates a play The trials of Arabella and in this she creates a story based on her life but changes it to non-fiction with the different characters. She and her cousins present the story within the novel and the characters become aware of their part to the story she has creates.

2. Briony continually through the novel shifts between her reality and the fictional reality she creates in her mind. This is how the unreliable narrator is seen in the novel. Briony comments that the reader (by addressing the fact that the reader )will wonder what really has happened and this is answered by her saying “the lover survive and flourish” although not true and the truth is found at the end of the novel which is an example of how the narrator exposes themselves and addresses the audience.

3. The use of meta fiction in the novel is seen in the multitude of voices and the different perspectives of events. An example is seen in the rape scene where the truth is led by the perspective of Briony which is a misinterpretation of the molestation.

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The three identified techniques of metafiction in a postmodern novel is a story within a story, the characters are aware that they are taking part in a story and the unreliable narrator that exposes themselves with in the novel as a character and comments while telling the story.

General examples:

1. Breaking the fourth wall: Breaking this boundary between writer and reader blurs the lines between real life and fiction. Metafiction often directly addresses the reader, openly questioning the narrator’s own

2.  Presenting and discussing fictional works of an imaginary character
3. Openly questioning how narrative assumptions and conventions transform and filter reality, trying to ultimately prove that no singular truths or meanings exist

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Examples of Postmodernism

1. Metafiction is the act of writing a story in a story. The use of metafiction reminds the reader of the presence of the author who is creating a fictional story in the novel.
2. Fragmentation in a post-modernism novel is the removal of wholeness and creates interruptions using a nonlinear narrative and plot.
3.Intertextuality is the reference to previous texts or novels used in the story. The inclusion of the previous texts in the novel transforms the meaning of the texts to suit the story in the current novel.

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Post-modernism literature is the celebration of meaninglessness in the world as the genre rose after World War II. Postmodernism literature embraces the ambiguousness and nonsensical aspects of life and creates a grey blurry line between fiction and non-fiction using fragmentation, metafiction, and intertextuality.