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a category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.

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1. a darkened box with a convex lens or aperture for projecting the image of an external object onto a screen inside. It is important historically in the development of photography.

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35 mm film is a film gauge used in filmmaking, and the film standard. In motion pictures that record on film, 35 mm is the most commonly used gauge.

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A twin-lens reflex camera (TLR) is a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length. One of the lenses is the photographic objective

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The gelatin silver process is the most commonly used chemical process in black-and-white photography, and is the fundamental chemical process for modern analog color photography.

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a keeper or custodian of a museum or other collection

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a room or building for the display or sale of works of art.

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a building in which objects of historical, scientific, artistic, or cultural interest are stored and exhibited.

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A photographic studio is often a business owned and represented by one or more photographers, possibly accompanied by assistants and pupils, who create

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An element of art defined by a point moving in space. Line may be two-or three-dimensional, descriptive, implied, or abstract.

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An element of art by which positive and negative areas are defined or a sense of depth achieved in a work of art

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An element of art that is two-dimensional, flat, or limited to height and width

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n element of art that is three-dimensional and encloses volume; includes height, width AND depth (as in a cube, a sphere, a pyramid, or a cylinder). Form may also be free flowing.

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An element of art made up of three properties: hue, value, and intensity

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The lightness or darkness of tones or colors. White is the lightest value; black is the darkest. The value halfway between these extremes is called middle gray.

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An element of art that refers to the way things feel, or look as if they might feel if touched

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force or intensity of expression that gives impressiveness or importance to something

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In art, a pattern is a repetition of specific visual elements. The dictionary.com definition of "pattern"

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Variety refers to how artists and designers add complexity to their work using visual elements

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Proportion and scale are principles of art that describe the size, location, or amount of one element in relation to another.

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Movement is the path the viewer's eye takes through the work of art, often to focal areas

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Unity refers to how different elements of an artwork or design work come together and create a sense of wholeness

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special importance, value, or prominence given to something.

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The phrase cool color is used to describe any color that is calm or soothing in nature. Cool colors are not overpowering and tend to recede in space. For this reason, cool colors typically make a space seem larger.

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The phrase warm color is used to describe any color that is vivid or bold in nature. Warm colors are those that tend to advance in space and can be overwhelming.

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1. a color that combined with a given color makes white or black.

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Neutral colors are muted shades that appear to lack color but often have underlying hues that change with different lighting.

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Monochromatic colors are all the colors of a single hue. Monochromatic color schemes are derived from a single base hue and extended using its shades,

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In computer graphics, a color gradient specifies a range of position-dependent colors, usually used to fill a region. 

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Abstract art is art that does not attempt to represent an accurate depiction of a visual reality but instead use shapes, colours, forms and gestural marks to achieve its effect. Wassily Kandinsky.

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Putting two or more dissimilar objects next to each other is called juxtaposition. This creates automatic comparisons between the objects by asking how they are different, how are they similar, and what the artist is trying to convey, simply by putting the two together.

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Asymmetrical balance occurs when you have different visual images on either side of a design, and yet the image still seems balanced

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Symmetry is a very formal type of balance consisting of a mirroring of portions of an image. Bilateral symmetry, that is, two- sided symmetry,

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in Art & Design. Radial balance is symmetry in several directions. Visual elements are arranged around a central point in the composition, like the spokes on a bicycle wheel. Often

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1. the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own

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relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these.

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Constructive criticism focuses on providing constructive feedback, supported by specific examples, to help you improve in some area.

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Based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions. Objective: (of a person or their judgement) not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts

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Copyrights primarily protect the rights of people who create literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works (like history tests, and software code). Trademarks protect the use of a company's name and its product names, brand identity (like logos) and slogans.

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The rule of thirds is a composition guideline that places your subject in the left or right third of an image, leaving the other two thirds more open. While there are other forms of composition, the rule of thirds generally leads to compelling and well-composed shot

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What are leading lines in photography? “Leading lines are a compositional technique where human-made or natural lines lead the viewer's eyes through a photograph to the subject or the heart of the image,” explains photographer Lukas Kosslow.

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golden ratio, also known as the golden section, golden mean, or divine proportion, in mathematics, the irrational number (1 + Square root of√5)/2, often denoted by the Greek letter ϕ or τ, which is approximately equal to 1.618

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Negative space, in art, is the empty space around and between the subject of an image. Negative space may be most evident when the space around a subject, not the subject itself, forms an interesting

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Positive space refers to the subject or areas of interest in an artwork, such as a person's face or figure in a portrait, the objects in a still life painting, or the trees in a landscape painting. Negative space is the background or the area that surrounds the subject of the wor

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A blacklight, also called a UV-A light, Wood's lamp, or ultraviolet light, is a lamp that emits long-wave ultraviolet light and very little visible light

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Diffused light is a soft light with neither the intensity nor the glare of direct light. It is scattered and comes from all directions. Thus, it

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Ambient lighting is essentially indirect lighting. A soft light that is reflected off the ceiling. It reduces the shadows on people's faces and fills the room with equal brightness, opening up the architecture and drawing people in. Ambient light may be produced in a number of ways

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an effect of contrasted light and shadow created by light falling unevenly or from a particular direction on something.

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the dark shape and outline of someone or something visible against a lighter background, especially in dim light

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1. a painting, especially an altarpiece, on two hinged wooden panels which may be closed like a book.

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3. an ancient writing tablet consisting of two hinged leaves with waxed inner sides.

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an ancient Roman writing tablet with three waxed leaves hinged together 2 a : a picture (such as an altarpiece) or carving in three panels side by side b : something composed or presented in three parts or sections; especially : trilogy

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Orthographic projection is a means of representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions. It is a form of parallel projection, in which all the projection lines are orthogonal to the projection plane, resulting in every plane of the scene appearing in affine transformation on the viewing surface

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Barrel lens distortion is an effect associated with wide-angle lenses and, in particular, zoom wide-angles. This effect causes the image to ..

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In geometric optics, distortion is a deviation from rectilinear projection; a projection in which straight lines in a scene remain straight in an image. It is a form of optical aberration.

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The International Organization for Standardization is an international standard development organization composed of representatives from the national standards organizations of member countries.

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The ASA physical status classification system is a system for assessing the fitness of patients before surgery

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An image sensor or imager is a sensor that detects and conveys information used to make an image. It does so by converting the variable attenuation of light waves into signals, small bursts of current that convey the information

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Film grain or granularity is the random optical texture of processed photographic film due to the presence of small particles of a metallic silver, or dye clouds, developed from silver halide that have received enough photon

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Image noise is random variation of brightness or color information in images, and is usually an aspect of electronic noise. It can be produced by the image sensor and circuitry of a scanner or digital camera

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In optics, an aperture is a hole or an opening through which light travels. More specifically, the aperture and focal length of an optical system determine the cone angle of a bundle of rays that come to a focus in the image plane.

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In optics, the f-number of an optical system such as a camera lens is the ratio of the system's focal length to the diameter of the entrance pupil. It is also known as the focal ratio, f-ratio, or f-stop, and is very important in photography

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In photography, bokeh is the aesthetic quality of the blur produced in out-of-focus parts of an image. Bokeh has also been defined as "the way the lens renders out-of-focus points of light"

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1. the distance between the nearest and the furthest objects that give an image judged to be in focus in a camera.

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The focal length of an optical system is a measure of how strongly the system converges or diverges light; it is the inverse of the system's optical power. A positive focal length indicates that a system converges light, while a negative focal length indicates that the system diverges ligh

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Automatic mode means the mode of operating an automated motor vehicle when automated technology is engaged to enable the motor vehicle to operate without any control or monitoring by an operator

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In program mode the camera selects and sets both the shutter speed and the aperture. For any given brightness of light, the camera has been programmed to set a specific combination of shutter speed and aperture. In low light, for example, the camera might set 1/30 second and f4

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As the name suggests, “Manual” mode stands for a full manual control of Aperture and Shutter Speed. In this mode, you can manually set both the aperture and the shutter speed to any value you want – the camera lets you fully take over the exposure controls

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Shutter Priority is a semi-automatic camera mode that allows you to set the shutter speed and ISO, while your camera sets the aperture. shutter priority mode.

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Aperture priority is a camera mode in which you manually set your aperture, while the camera automatically selects a shutter speed. That's all

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In photography, shutter speed or exposure time is the length of time that the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light when taking a photograph. The amount of light that reaches the film or image sensor is proportional to the exposure time

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The Bulb setting on camera shutters is a momentary-action mode that holds shutters open for as long as a photographer depresses the shutter-release button.

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Motion blur is the apparent streaking of moving objects in a photograph or a sequence of frames, such as a film or animation. It results when the image being recorded changes during the recording of a single exposure, due to rapid movement or long exposure.

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In photography, a tripod is a portable device used to support, stabilize and elevate a camera, a flash unit, or other videographic or observational/measuring equipment. All photographic tripods have three legs and a mounting head to couple with a camera

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Camera shake is a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images. This generally occurs more often if you're shooting on a low shutter speed or with a heavy lens, and can be avoided by using a tripod and cable release setup.

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Long-exposure, time-exposure, or slow-shutter photography involves using a long-duration shutter speed to sharply capture the stationary elements of images while blurring, smearing, or obscuring the moving elements

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1. denoting the photographic technique of taking a sequence of frames at set intervals to record changes that take place slowly over time. When the frames are shown at normal speed, or in quick succession, the action seems much faster.

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Light painting, painting with light, light drawing, or light art performance photography are terms that describe photographic techniques of moving a light source while taking a long-exposure photograph

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In cinematography and photography panning means swivelling a still or video camera horizontally from a fixed position. This motion is similar to the motion of a person when they turn their head on their neck from left to right.

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Burst mode, also called continuous shooting mode, sports mode, continuous mode, or burst shot, is a shooting mode in still cameras where several photos are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down

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Partial Metering is a camera-metering mode in which the metering is weighted at the center of the viewfinder (unlike center-weighted in which the camera averages the exposure based on the reading at the center).

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Evaluative metering is the default metering mode on most cameras. It ensures that the camera will automatically adjust to the right exposure setting even when the ambient lighting shows greater contrast

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By definition 18% gray is the “mid-point between black and white on a logarithmic or exponential curve.” Think of it this way; it is simply halfway between black and whit

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Centre-weighted Average metering is like using Evaluative metering with a centre AF point. It places greater emphasis on the centre area while also taking meter reading across the entire frame

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In photography, the metering mode refers to the way in which a camera determines exposure. Cameras generally allow the user to select between spot, center-weighted average, or multi-zone metering modes.