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NAMA: NAZATUL HAFIZAH BINTI AHMAD
CLASS: MBA1114B
SUBJECT: FUNDAMENTALS OF TRANSFORT
PREPARED FOR: MADAM HASMI MOHKLAS
SUBMITTED BY: 17 JUNE 2022

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First car is invented

In the 19th century, Austrian Karl Benz created the first genuine vehicle. It had three wheels and was powered by an internal combustion engine. Previous attempts to develop vehicles employed steam power - and failed miserably.

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Ford produced Model T

Ford's Model T was the world's first assembly-line vehicle. This significant technological advancement reduced the cost of the automobile, making it more widely available. Its 20 horsepower petrol engine could only achieve 45mph, which was slower than the galloping horses of the day.

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Electric ignition starters

Electric ignition starters were developed to replace manual hand cranks and allow the engine to be started by pressing a button. Hand cranks were deemed risky since the engine may leap when the automobile began, hurting the driver on occasion. In 1912, the first electric starter was installed on a Cadillac, and they were quickly accepted.

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Cigarette lighters

Electricity heated a detachable component in wireless cigarette lighters. By 1925, they were commonplace in the majority of American automobiles. Cigarette lighters are no longer popular, but we still have the plugs to plug in electric devices such as GPS navigation systems.

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Car radio

In 1930, the first monophonic AM frequency vehicle stereo was developed. Driving could be set to music for the first time, albeit it would be another 22 years until the first radio capable of receiving FM frequency was connected to a car, in 1952.

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Coil spring suspension

Many automakers began exploring for methods to improve driving comfort and settled on coil spring suspension. Each wheel (at first only the front two) has its own metal coil spring, which compresses to cushion the stress of driving over bumps in the road. This resulted in a much smoother, more comfortable ride.

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Cars keys

Chrysler devised a method to start both the electric starter and the ignition in search of a better approach to start the automobile. It encased this power in a key, and soon everyone had one.

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Power steering

Power steering technology employs hydraulic power to increase the pressure on the wheels as you spin the steering wheel, saving you a lot of time and effort. Power steering debuted on a Chrysler Imperial, followed by a Cadillac a year later.

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Air conditioning

The Chrysler Imperial was the first mass-produced vehicle to provide air conditioning as an option. It has three different settings: low, medium, and high. The next year, the Nash "Integrated" system added front-end heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, making summer driving considerably more enjoyable.

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Cruise control

The cruise control system was designed to allow the driver to maintain a steady pace without using the throttle. The method made it simpler to drive steadily, especially on highways. It was originally utilised in a Chrysler Imperial, and by 1960, it was standard on all Cadillacs.

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Seatbelts

Nils Bohlin, Volvo's first safety engineer, designed the contemporary three-pin seatbelt. Volvo opted to give the patent away for free to other automakers, knowing that it would save lives. Seatbelts were required to be installed in cars in the United Kingdom beginning in 1965, but only in the front seats beginning in 1983. Seatbelts were mandatory for all children in 1989, and for back seat passengers in 1991.

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Electric windows

Until recently, the smooth buzz of rolling down an electronic window was only available on premium vehicles, and it was typically an optional feature on most automobiles. However, rolling down your automobile windows soon become obsolete.

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Intermittent windshield wipers

Until now, windscreen wipers had only one speed, regardless of the weather. Ford altered this to modify the pace.

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Cassette tape stereos

In the 1970s, automakers began installing stereos capable of playing the newest cassette tape technology. Drivers may now blast their favourite Led Zeppelin albums from their vehicles!

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ABS technology

ABS, or Anti-Lock Braking System, is a sophisticated technology that prevents the wheels from locking up during hard braking, therefore reducing skidding. It was first used on trains and Concorde planes before being converted for a Chrysler Imperial.

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Catalytic converter

This technique was devised to reduce hazardous emissions produced by the engine in order to clean up dirty exhaust gases. Catalytic converters became mandatory in gasoline vehicles in 1993.

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Digital dashboard displays

Aston Martin Lagonda has the first digital dashboard display. Trip computers, speed and temperature measurements, and fuel efficiency statistics were all incorporated. However, digital dashboards were not popular among drivers at the time, and most cars today still have an analogue speedometer in addition to the digital displays.

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CD players

The CDX-1 technology became the first automotive CD player, eventually supplanting cassette cassettes, which had become obsolete.

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Airbags

Airbags have been deployed in US government vehicles since the 1970s, but Chrysler produced the first commercial airbag in 1988. Originally just for drivers, airbag technology may now be installed all around the car to protect all passengers.

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Electromagnetic parking sensors

When parking, electromagnetic parking sensors warn you of potential risks. They were "re-invented" from prior technologies that had failed to catch on in the 1970s.

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On board diagnostics

In the 1980s, Ford developed computer diagnostics for their assembly line. However, the built-in 16-pin connector became crucial for all carmakers over time since it also provided garage personnel with access to critical information about the vehicle for repairs. In the United States, on-board diagnostics links were mandatory in 1996, and in Europe in 2001.

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Connected cars

General Motors introduced linked automobiles with its OnStar system, which utilized your phone to summon 911 in the event of an accident. Today, the technology connects with the phone's GPS position to direct emergency personnel directly to the vehicle.

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GPS sat nav & Hybrid cars

GPS sat nav systems have been installed in since the early 1990s, however the US military interfered with the signals since they jealously guarded the technology. In 2000, US President Bill Clinton directed the military to stop scrambling GPS signals and to make the technology available to the public. Sat navs were swiftly produced, but it took many years for them to become more precise.

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The notion of combining a hybrid motor with a gasoline engine was initially proposed in the 19th century, but it was thought impracticable. Toyota picked it up again around the turn of the century, inventing the Prius, which took the globe by storm. Today, every automaker is developing hybrid vehicles.

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Bluetooth

In 2001, the first hands-free Bluetooth kit was released. Later that year, an even better Bluetooth technology with speech recognition was released. Bluetooth is now integrated into automotive entertainment systems.

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Reversing camera

Many reversing mishaps have been avoided because to this technique. As you reverse, small cameras feed live footage of the area behind the automobile. Outside of America, the technology was initially employed in a Nissan Primera.

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Automatic parking

Toyota was the first vehicle introduce this technology, with its Intelligent Parking Assist, which assisted drivers in parallel parking. Lexus added a self-parking system to the LS model in 2006. Many modern automobiles now have automatic parking.

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Driver assist features

To aid the driver, dozens of automated technological features have been designed. Lane departure warnings, blind spot warnings, cross traffic alerts, and headlamp high beam control are common examples. Carmakers have also begun to integrate smartphone technology, with several developing apps that allow you to find your car through GPS, remotely lock it, and check its fuel levels.

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Tesla autopilot & Wifi hotspots

Elon Musk pioneered the use of autopilot technology in the Model S. It is the first commercially available driver aid system capable of steering the vehicle and even changing lanes on the highway.

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This innovative technology may transform your automobile into a mobile 4G network, allowing passengers to connect smart gadgets to the Internet.

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Self-driving cars

Google's self-driving automobile, Waymo, is expected to be released in 2020. It completed its first autonomous trip on public roads in 2015, with a blind man at the wheel, in Austin, Texas.

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Advanced heads up display

Heads-up display was originally considered a premium feature, but by 2021, it has become more widely available. All that's needed now is a smartphone and a suitable automobile.

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1. http://mashable.com/2015/01/05/car-tech-ces/
2. http://www.caranddriver.com/features/the-history-of-car-radios
3. http://www.carbuyer.co.uk/tips-and-advice/154199/how-airbags-work
4. http://www.rospa.com/road-safety/advice/vehicles/in-car-safety-and-crashworthiness/seat-belts-history/
5. https://www.bluetooth.com/about-us/bluetooth-origin/
6. http://uk.pcmag.com/consumer-electronics-reviews-ratings/64623/news/the-history-of-car-gps-navigation