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Transportation systems designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes.

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An early-20th-century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life.

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A law, enacted in 1883, that established a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to government jobs by means of the merit system.

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The merging of companies that make similar products.

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An officeholder's power to appoint people, usually those who have helped him or her get elected, to positions in government.

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The illegal use of political influence for personal gain.

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An organized group that controls a political party in a city and offers services to voters and businesses in exchange for political and financial support.

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A community center providing assistance to residents, particularly immigrants, in a slum neighborhood.

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A multifamily urban dwelling, usually overcrowded and unsanitary.

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The growth of cities.

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Favoring the interests of native-born people over foreign-born people.

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A law, enacted in 1890, that was intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade.

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an economic and social philosophy, supposedly based on the biologist Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, holding that a system of unrestrained competition will ensure the survival of the fittest.

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A company's taking over its suppliers and distributors and transportation systems to gain total control over the quality and cost of its product.

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a law, enacted in 1887, that established the federal government's right to supervise railroad activities and created a five-member Interstate Commerce Commission to do so.

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A cheap and efficient process

for making steel, developed around 1850.