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Activist’s Name: William Harris

Birth/Death Years: 1886- 13 July 1931

State/s where activism took place: Western Australia

Events, campaigns, protests involved in:In 1906 Harris argued with the premier for government assistance to Aborigines on the north-eastern goldfields. He claimed that the Aboriginals' economic dependency resulted from the denudation of native game by miners and demanded provision of food and medicine from monies designated for Aboriginal use under the Federal Constitution.

Other relevant information: He was born in 1867 in Western Australia, one of seven children of convict William Harris, a tramper from Wales, and his wife Madelaine whose mother was Aboriginal. He was a private pupil at the Swan Native and Half-Caste Mission, Perth.

Relevant URLs links about the activist:

-        https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/harris-william-6582#:~:text=William%20Harris%20(1867%2D1931),Half%2DCaste%20Mission%2C%20Perth.

-        https://peoplepill.com/people/william-harris-16

-        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harris_(civil_rights_leader)

-        https://overland.org.au/2018/11/early-aboriginal-civil-resistance-in-wa-the-untold-story-of-william-harris/

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Fred Maynard (1879-1946), was an Aboriginal activist, and was born on 4 July 1879 at Hinton, New South Wales

Whilst working, he formed connections with the aboriginal progressive association.
Members of the association made lengthy organising trips; meetings in New South Wales coastal towns attracted numerous Aboriginal people. Maynard and McKenzie-Hatton wrote letters to the press and to politicians. With Jane Duren, an Aboriginal leader from Batemans Bay, Maynard participated in debates with missionaries and public figures who were proposing changes to the administration of Aboriginal affairs. He wrote to Aboriginal people throughout the State who had been injured by the board's policies, such as young girls who had been raped while indentured.

https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/maynard-charles-frederick-fred-11095

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Activist’s Name: Dexter Daniels

Birth/Death Years: Born 1938, Died 1999

State/s where activism took place: Northern Territory

Events, campaigns, protests involved in: Wave Hill Station Walk-off, Part of the NTCAR (Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights), Gurindji Walk-off

Other relevant information: Dexter was a part of many strikes, walk-offs and many other protests. He made major contributions to the NTCAR and later. He was wrongfully arrested while supporting campaigns and served a 2 week sentence. Despite feeling deflated, he still continued to advocate for Aboriginal equality and Aboriginal land rights. In 1968 he was elected the first Aboriginal executive member of the Darwin Branch of the Australian Labour Party.

Relevant URLs links about the activist: https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/organisations/expansion-folder/northern-territory-council-aboriginal-rights#

https://ia.anu.edu.au/biography/nubulunadaniels-dexter-30057

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Born: 13 June 1908, Northern Territory

Died: 21 January 1988, Daguragu

Early life
Vincent was a Gurindji and an advocate for Aboriginal rights in Australia. In his early years, he worked as a stockman at Wave Hill Station, where the only compensation provided to the Aboriginal workers was rations, tobacco, and clothing.

What he did
vincent lead a group of Aboriginal pastoral workers and their families to stage a walk-off from Wave Hill Station in August 1966. The strike was in response to the unfavorable working conditions that Aboriginal employees had endured at the station for more than 40 years.

The result was
Equal pay for Aboriginal workers and a new land rights act were both results of the Wave Hill Walk-Off, which sparked a wave of change on a national level.

https://www.commonground.org.au/learn/wave-hill-walk-off#:~:text=The%20Wave%20Hill%20Walk%2DOff%20inspired%20national%20change%20in%20the,recognise%20First%20Nations%20land%20ownership.

https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/wave-hill-walk-off

https://ia.anu.edu.au/biography/lingiari-vincent-14178

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Activist’s Name:

Birth/Death Years:
16/06/1936-19/08/2000

State/s where activism took place:
Charles Perkins was the organiser of the Australian freedom rides

Events, campaigns, and protests involved in:
Australian freedom rides

Other relevant information:

Relevant URLs links about the activist:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Perkins_(Aboriginal_activist)

https://www.sydney.edu.au/charles-perkins-centre/about/who-is-charles-perkins.html

https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/people/charles-perkins

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Activist's Name: Anthony Martin Fernando

Birth/Death Years: 6th April 1864 - 9th January 1949

State/s where activism took place: Western Australia, Austria, Italy, London.

Main Achievement/s:
- He travelled through Asia to Europe, protesting against Australian injustice towards Aborigines.
- Was interned during the First World War
- Did interviews with progressive newspapers, speaking about his cause.
- He attempted to present a private petition to the Pope.
- In London in 1928, Fernando paraded the streets around Australia house, protesting. He wore a long black overcoat with small toy skeletons strapped to it, saying that "This is all that Australia has left of my people".
- He regularly spoke to people at Hyde Park during 1929, raising awareness of the terrible treatment of Aboriginals in Australia. It was during this time that he wrote his most well known notebooks, that captured a glimpse of his life in London.

Other information:
- Not much is known about his early life.
- He worked as an engine driver in Sydney, then later as a toy maker in Europe.
- In 1887 he witnessed the killing of an Aborigine by two white men, that eventually got away with their crimes.
- He would be sent to to jail multiple times over his life for his protesting, but he  continued to protest the treatment of his people within the courts.
- After getting out of jail again for continuing to protest, he retired to an old men's home in Essex, where he stayed until his death in 1949.

Links:
https://aiatsis.gov.au/collection/featured-collections/am-fernando-notebooks

https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/fernando-anthony-martin-12918

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House was born in 1945 and is now 77.

House made a statement in relation to a breach of traditional cultural protocols by Indigenous people who are directly involved with the encampment which is still lodged near the Embassy site with recent reports amongst a community of hostility and aggression made towards local women and Elders at the Tent Embassy protest in 1972.

Involved in the Tent Embassy protest.

She was a local Ngunnawal Elder.

Useful websites:

https://indigenousx.com.au/leaders-of-aboriginal-tent-embassy-denounce-fire-at-old-parliament-house/

https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/hard-work-of-70s-indigenous-heroes-destroyed/news-story/b3bf8a147e2797b375cf1e601e22253d

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Activist’s Name: Gambanyi (Pearl Gibbs)

Birth/Death Years: 18 July 1901-28 April 1983

State/s where activism took place: NSW

Events, campaigns, protests involved in:
1938 Day of morning.
She worked with other aboriginal activists to organise the day of mourning.
She was a part of the Aborigines Protection Boards.

Relevant URLs links about the activist:

https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/gibbs-pearl-mary-gambanyi-12533

https://peopleaustralia.anu.edu.au/biography/gibbs-pearl-mary-gambanyi-12533

https://wmoa.com.au/herstory-archive/gibbs-pearl-mary

https://sheshapeshistory.com.au/pearlgibbs

http://www.curriculum.edu.au/verve/_resources/pearl_gibbs.pdf

http://www.kooriweb.org/foley/heroes/biogs/pearl_gibbs.html

https://kids.britannica.com/kids/article/Pearl-Gibbs/628793

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Activists Name: Faith Bandler
Birth/Death Years: 1918 - 2015
State/s where activism took place: NSW state
Main Achievement/s:
- Publicising the YES case in the Aboriginal 1967 Referendum
- 10 year campaign for Aboriginal rights
- Co-founded Aboriginal Australian Fellowship in 1956.
Other Information:
- She had 8 siblings
- She had Scottish Indian heritage
-  She went to university at Wacvie Mussingkon in 1994.
- She has 2 children

Useful Websites -
https://www.womenaustralia.info/leaders/biogs/WLE0231b.htm

https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/people/faith-bandler

https://kids.britannica.com/kids/article/Faith-Bandler/628733

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Activist’s Name: Evelyn Scott

Birth/Death Years: 1935-2017

State/s where activism took place: Queensland, New South Wales, ACT

Events, campaigns, protests involved in: Townsville Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Advancement League, a leading campaigner in the 1967 referendum, Vice President and eventually General Secretary of the Federal Council for the Advancement of Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders (FCAATSI), active in the Cairns and District Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Corporation for Women, and the National Aboriginal and Islander Women’s Council, chair of the National Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation in a role which culminated with the Corroboree 2000 Bridge Walk, attended by more than a quarter of a million people marching across the Sydney Harbour Bridge in support of an official government apology

Other relevant information: Her drive to empower Indigenous Australian women won her the Queen's Silver Jubilee Medal in 1977. She held audiences with Nelson Mandela, Queen Elizabeth II, and a number of Australian prime ministers. She was friends with fellow significant activists Eddie Mabo, Faith Bandler, and Joe McGuinness. She was the recipient of honorary doctorates from James Cook University and the Australian Catholic University, and was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 2003. Upon her death in 2017, Dr Evelyn Scott became the first Aboriginal woman to honoured by the Queensland government in a state funeral

Relevant URLs links about the activist: https://www.rahs.org.au/evelyn-scott-1935-2017/

https://www.nma.gov.au/explore/features/indigenous-rights/people/evelyn-scott

evelynscottschool.act.edu.au/our_school/about_dr_evelyn_scott_ao_1935_-_2017

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-09-21/dr-evelyn-scott-indigenous-rights-campaigner-dies-aged-81/8967192

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Activist’s Name: Yami Lester

Birth/Death Years: 1941 - 2017

State/s where activism took place: South Australia and Northern Territory

Events, campaigns, protests involved in: Was involved in the institute of Australian development, and the Pitjantjatjara land rights act

Other relevant information: He was effected by the Maralinga nuclear testing, which caused him to be blinded by "Black mist."  He is best known as a anti-nuclear and indigenous rights advocate

Relevant URLs links about the activist:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yami_Lester

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-07-22/blind-aboriginal-activist-yami-lester-dies/8734328

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Edward Koiki Mabo was an Indigenous Australian man from the Torres Strait Islands known for his role in campaigning for Indigenous land rights in Australia

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Edward Mabo was born in 29 June 1936 and lived until 21 January 1992.

The activism took place in Queensland where Edward overturned the myth that at the time of colonisation Australia was ‘terra nullius’ or land belonging to no one.

The Mabo case lasted 10 years. On 3 June 1992, the High Court ruled that terra nullius should never have been applied to Australia. This decision legally recognised that First Nations peoples had rights to the land which existed before the British arrived, and that these rights should still exist today.

Useful websites:

https://www.commonground.org.au/learn/the-mabo-decision-and-native-title#:~:text=The%20Mabo%20case%20lasted%2010,rights%20should%20still%20exist%20today.

https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18291022

https://ia.anu.edu.au/biography/mabo-edward-koiki-eddie-16122

https://libguides.jcu.edu.au/mabo-timeline/eddie-koiki-mabo

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Activist’s Name: William Cooper

Birth/Death Years: 1861-1941

State/s where activism took place: Victoria and New South Wales

Main Achievement/s:

·      He was a led organiser for the 1938 Day of Mourning

·      He was Secretary of the Australian Aborigines’ League

·      He organised a petition on Aboriginal Rights to King George VI in 1938 protesting the treatment of Aboriginal Australians

Other Information:

·      He lived most of his life in rural Victoria where he had a family.

·      He was comparatively well educated for an Aboriginal Australian for the time as he attended adult literacy classes.

Relevant URLs to information:

- https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/cooper-william-5773
- https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/william-cooper-protests
- https://www.firstpeoplesrelations.vic.gov.au/william-cooper