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ECODING: The first process in the memory system is to get sensory in formation like sight and sound into a form that the brain can use. This is called encoding.

STORAGE : The next step in memory is to hold on to the information for
some period of time in a process called storage. The period of time will actually be of different lengths, depending on the system of memory being used.

RETRIEVAL: The biggest problem many people have is retrieval, that
is, getting the information they know they have out of storage. problems are discussed thoroughly in a later section of this chapter.

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Recall : the type of memory retreval in which the information to be retrieved must be "pulled" from memory with very few external cues

- During the memory recall there is a replaying of neutral activity that was originally generated in the brain, then the replaying of this neutral activity echos in the brain until the brain recalls the details

-whenever people find themselves struggling for an answer, recall has failed. Sometimes the answer seems so very close to the surface of enpascious that it feels like it's "on the tip of the tongus that start r even many people may be able to say how long the word is or name letteuthis is sometimes called the tip of the tongue phenomenon. although peole may be abe to say how long the word is or name letters that start oe even end the word, they cannot retreive the sound or actual spelling of the word, they cannot allow it to be pulled into the auditor recorder of STM so that it can fully retrieved

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it's the ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact.

it involves looking at or hearing in-
formation and matching it to what is already in memory. A word-search puzzle, in which
the words are already written down in the grid and simply need to be circled, is an example of recognition.

Recognition is usually much easier than recall because the cue is the actual object, word, sound, and so on that one is simply trying to detect as familiar and known. Examples of tests that use recognition are
multiple-choice, matching, and true-false tests. The answer is right there and simply has to be matched to the information already in memory.

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Parallel distributed processing model (PDP)/ Levels-of-processing model (Suhail Ahmed)

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Parallel distributed processing model (PDP)/ Levels-of-processing model (Suhail Ahmed)

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Parallel distributed processing model:  Memory processes happen simultaneously across many mental connections. These memory processes allow a person to connect between the many memories occurring at once and remember things that they saw, or heard.

Levels-of-processing model: Memory that is taken more time to properly process and learn, will be remembered easier and for longer. (The same thing goes for memory that’s processed according to what it is trying to say or prove).

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model of memory organization that assumes information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion, with concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related

Semantic memory refers to a portion of long-term memory that processes ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience.

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Parallel distributed processing model (PDP)/ Levels-of-processing model (Suhail Ahmed)

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Parallel distributed processing model (PDP)/ Levels-of-processing model (Suhail Ahmed)

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Parallel distributed processing model: Means that memory processes happen at the same time (simultaneously) across many mental connections. These memory processes allow a person to connect between the many memories occurring at once and remember things that they saw, or heard.

Levels-of-processing model: memory that is taken more time to properly process and learn, will be remembered easier and for longer time. (As well as memory that’s processed according to its meaning, or what it is trying to say and prove).

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Parallel distributed processing model (PDP)/ Levels-of-processing model (Suhail Ahmed)

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Parallel distributed processing model (PDP)/ Levels-of-processing model (Suhail Ahmed)

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Parallel distributed processing model: Means that memory processes happen at the same time (simultaneously) across many mental connections. These memory processes allow a person to connect between the many memories occurring at once and remember things that they saw, or heard.

Levels-of-processing model: memory that is taken more time to properly process and learn, will be remembered easier and for longer time. (As well as memory that’s processed according to its meaning, or what it is trying to say and prove).

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Working memory.                 Saqer Alsharif

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Working memory.                 Saqer Alsharif

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Working memory is basically an active system that processes the information in short term memory and is regarded as an active system that maintains the information stored in short term memory
Example:
Holding a persons address in mind while listening to instruction how to get there

It consists of three interrelated systems:
Executive controls and coordinates the other two systems.
Visuospatial is a kind of auditory action or phonological loop.
The central executive acts as interpreter for both the visual and auditory information.

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Why is it called "short Term " (Essa Ahmad)

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Why is it called "short Term " (Essa Ahmad)

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How long is short of short term memory? Short term memory is about 12-30 seconds. After that moment the memory seems to disapear.
A study on mice has shown for new memories to form old memories must be erased. There is just so much room in the hippocampus, while memories formed  there will be tranferred to more permanent storage, some will disapear, newer memories are added to the already existing neural circuits.

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A double take is the process where a person has a  delayed surprised reaction at seeing someone or something.
for example, you see a man with crazy hair walk past u. at first glance, your brain isn't giving that person attention. however, you may look back to properly process the information with selective attention.

This happens because the raw information first enters the sensory memory with no attention whatsoever. After that, the brain might urge you to double take with selective attention to properly process the information

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Information-processing model (Mohamed Al Sharaf)

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Information-processing model (Mohamed Al Sharaf)

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Information processing theory is an approach to cognitive development studies that aims to explain how information is encoded into memory.

Information processing theory not only explains how information is captured, but how it is stored and retrieved as well. The process begins with receiving input, also called stimulus, from the environment using various senses. The input is then described and stored in the memory, which is retrieved when needed. The mind or the brain is likened to a computer that is capable of analyzing information from the environment.

While major models of information processing theory vary, they are mostly composed of three main elements:

1. Information stores – The different places in the mind where information is stored, such as sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory, semantic memory, episodic memory, and more.

2. Cognitive processes – The various processes that transfer memory among different memory stores. Some of the processes include perception, coding, recording, chunking, and retrieval.

3. Executive cognition – The awareness of the individual of the way information is processed within him or her. It also pertains to knowing their strengths and weaknesses. This is very similar to metacognition.

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How is memory fomed? (Mohammed Al Rifai)

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How is memory fomed? (Mohammed Al Rifai)

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encoding: the set of mental processes performed by humans on sensory input in order to convert it into a format that can be stored in the brain's storage systems.

storage: retaining information over an extended length of time.

retrieval: transferring information from storage to a usable form.

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Why de we sometimes double take ? (Saif Alneyadi)

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Why de we sometimes double take ? (Saif Alneyadi)

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The initial system in the memory process is called sensory memory, and it is where information enters the nervous system via the sense systems . Think imagine it like a door that is briefly open. When one looks through the entrance, numerous only some of the items and persons will really pass through the door itself. A kind of doorway into the universe exists in sensory memory.

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Types of long-term information (non-declarative memory) (Adham Tekfa)

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Types of long-term information (non-declarative memory) (Adham Tekfa)

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Long-term memories include general facts and knowledge, personal facts, and even skills that can be performed. Memory for skills is a type of nondeclarative memory, or implicit memory, because the skills have to be demon-started and not reported. Memory for facts is called declarative memory, or explicit memory, because facts are things that are known and can be declared (stated outright). These two
types of long-term memory are quite different, as the following sections will explain.

NONDECLARATIVE (IMPLICIT) LTM Memories for things that people know how to do,
like tying shoes and riding a bicycle, are a kind of LTM called nondeclarative (implicit)
memory. The fact that people have the knowledge of how to tie their shoes, for example,
is implied by the fact that they can actually tie them. Nondeclarative memories also include
emotional associations, habits, and simple conditioned reflexes that may or may not be in
conscious awareness, which are often very strong memories

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The ability to recall memories that are formed during a particular psychological state while in a similar state.

An example would be remembering negative things that your friend did to you during a fight with them.

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The working memory is basically thought of as an active system that processes the information thats given to it by the short-term memory.
Working memory consists of three systems:
- A central Executive
- Visuospatial
- And a Auditory system

Central executive controls and coordinates the other two systems.
Visuospatial is a system that is based off stuff we see.
Auditory system is a system that is based of what we hear.

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we double take when our mind sees something but didn't process it, this happens rare but happens to many people, for an example you are in the car and you see something that glances your eyes, but your brain doesn't process it, so you look back trying to find the thing that glanced your eyes.

what's the reasoning behind the double take or why we do our brain processes the thing," Sensory memory is the first system in the process of memory, the point at which information enters the nervous system through the sensory systems—eyes, ears, and so on. Information is encoded into sensory memory as neural messages in the nervous system. As long as those neural messages are traveling through the system, it can be said that people have a “memory” for that information that can be accessed if needed". that's why we double take so we can let our brain processes what it saw.

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How long is the duration of a long term memory?

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How long is the duration of a long term memory?

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long term memories:

Long-term memories can last for years and can be brought back by hearing a certain sound or smelling a particular kind of smell, which can bring back memories from a specific period of time in your life.

when do they get more inprinted in our brain?

This is referred to as "childhood amnesia" by experts like Carole Peterson, PhD, of Memorial University of Newfoundland in Canada. According to her, the transitional age of three, or around preschool age, is when explicit memories start to become more frequent, detailed, and adult-like.

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How long is the duration of a long term memory?

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How long is the duration of a long term memory?

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long term memories:

Long-term memories can last for years and can be brought back by hearing a certain sound or smelling a particular kind of smell, which can bring back memories from a specific period of time in your life.

when do they get more inprinted in our brain?

This is referred to as "childhood amnesia" by experts like Carole Peterson, PhD, of Memorial University of Newfoundland in Canada. According to her, the transitional age of three, or around preschool age, is when explicit memories start to become more frequent, detailed, and adult-like.

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Why is it called short term memory? (Mahmoud Obeid)

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Why is it called short term memory? (Mahmoud Obeid)

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-Research has shown that STM lasts from 12-30 seconds without rehearsal.
-Maintenance rehearsal is continuing to give attention to something.
-When the rehearsal stops the memory is forgotten after a short period of time.
-Interference can also lower the amount of information that can be stored or held in STM
-Information can also be pushed out to store new information.
-It's called STM because of the capacity that little information can be stored in for a short period of time.

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Types of Long-Term Information ( declarative) (Ahmed Adel)

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Types of Long-Term Information ( declarative) (Ahmed Adel)

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Declarative memory is a type of long-term memory consisting of known and conscious information.

The two types of declarative memory:
1. Semantic memory: It contains general knowledge, facts, symbolic units, and concepts. For example, a person who is used to call their friend a specific name.

2. Episodic memory: Memories of particular moments from personal history. For example, a person's graduation day.

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Working memory is the small amount of information that can be held in mind and used in the execution of cognitive tasks, in contrast with long-term memory, the vast amount of information saved in one’s life. Working memory is one of the most widely-used terms in psychology. It has often been connected or related to intelligence, information processing, executive function, comprehension, problem-solving, and learning, in people ranging from infancy to old age and in all sorts of animals

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Why is it Called "Short-Term" ? (Mahmoud Al Herbawi)

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Why is it Called "Short-Term" ? (Mahmoud Al Herbawi)

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- Short term memory can only hold information for between 12 to 30 seconds, after that the information vanishes quickly.

- Maintenance rehearsal is repeating something multiple times to retain the information for a longer time period.

- If the amount of data stored in the STM is over the storage capacity, inference in STM occurs to push out older information to make place for newer information

- Working memory is an important field of study focusing on intelligence, learning disorders, and many dementia-related memory issues

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Information-processing model ( Abdulla Ali Abdulla )

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Information-processing model ( Abdulla Ali Abdulla )

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The information processing theory,which looks at how memory and other thought processes work as part of the congnitive perspective ,base it's model for human thought on the way that a computer traditionally functions.

Date are encoded in manner that the computer can understand and use .

The computer stores that information on a disc, a hard drive , or a memory stick and the date are retrieved out storage as needed

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What is the Semantic Network Model?                            (Taher Salous)

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What is the Semantic Network Model?                            (Taher Salous)

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•Is a model of memory organization that assumes information is stored in the brain in a connected fashion, with concepts that are related stored in the brain in a connected fashion, with concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other that concepts that are not highly related.
•It is a representation of memory that describes the organization of declarative facts and knowledge in mind.

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Duration of Long Term Memory (Karim Ghazal)

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Duration of Long Term Memory (Karim Ghazal)

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Long term memory happens when there is an relatively permanent physical change in the brain it self when a memory is formed. The memories may be available but not accessible , so they are there but you cannot get to. We only store memories that are meaningful and important to us. Long term memory can can last for a matter of days or even as long as decades. Basically meaning long term memory can have different types depending on its effectiveness on the person.