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Debates the impact of Brexit on EU citizens and ensures democratic oversight.

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After Brexit, several issues require urgent resolution:

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After Brexit, several issues require urgent resolution:

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Trade and Customs: Establishing a new trade agreement to avoid tariffs and trade barriers.

Citizens’ Rights: Ensuring the rights of EU citizens in the UK and vice versa.

Northern Ireland Border: Avoiding a hard border between Northern Ireland (UK) and the Republic of Ireland (EU).

Financial Settlement: Determining the UK's outstanding financial obligations to the EU.

EU institutions must collaborate, negotiate with the UK, and find solutions that protect EU interests while maintaining political and economic stability.

Each group researches its role and prepares arguments, proposals, and strategies

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Discuss how the activity helped understand EU decision-making and international negotiations.

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European Parliament and Council of the EU 

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European Parliament and Council of the EU 

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vote on the final agreement.

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Students will understand the roles, powers, and interactions of the main EU institutions by simulating the Brexit negotiation process, focusing on economic, political, and legal challenges.

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presents the EU’s negotiation priorities and initial proposals.

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discusses the economic impact of trade agreements and financial stability.

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Reflect on the complexity of balancing political, economic, and social interests.

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the European Council mediates to reach a compromise.

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The United Kingdom has officially left the European Union, but many unresolved issues remain, including trade agreements, citizens' rights, border controls, and financial obligations. The EU must negotiate its future relationship with the UK while maintaining unity among its member states.

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Sets the political priorities and strategic direction of the negotiations.

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debates citizens' rights and social impacts.

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Understand the roles and interactions of EU institutions in international negotiations.

Analyze political, economic, and legal challenges in international relations.

Develop negotiation, debate, and strategic decision-making skills.

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Sets strategic directions and political priorities

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Represents the governments of EU member states and coordinates their interests.

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To provide students with real-world context and insights into the complexities of Brexit negotiations, consider the following articles:

"Minister to hold talks on UK's post-Brexit relationship with EU"

Summary: UK and EU officials have initiated formal negotiations to reset post-Brexit relations, focusing on security, fishing rights, and reducing food export checks ahead of a summit in May. The discussions aim to create a new trade and cooperation agreement, replacing the existing Brexit deal. Key issues include ensuring European boats retain a significant share of their catch in UK waters and establishing new trade regulations.

THETIMES.CO.UK

"The UK and EU vow to mend their Brexit battered ties. They will set a new agenda and hold summits"

Summary: The UK and EU have agreed to strengthen their relationship post-Brexit, committing to a series of meetings on economic growth, energy, security, and migration. Both parties emphasized the importance of their unique relationship and pledged to strengthen cooperation ambitiously. They reaffirmed commitments to past agreements and international law, aiming for a stable, forward-looking partnership.

APNEWS.COM

"The Times view on Starmer's Brexit reset: New Beginning"

Summary: Britain's relationship with the EU has seen minimal development post-Trade and Cooperation Agreement of 2021. Recently, efforts have been initiated to renegotiate aspects of the deal, aiming to alleviate trade frictions without rejoining the single market or customs union. The focus includes harmonizing food standards and enhancing cooperation on defense and security, which have mutual benefits.

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Leads the negotiations as the chief negotiator for the EU, proposing solutions and ensuring compliance with EU law.

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Ensures that the final agreement complies with EU treaties and protects citizens' rights.

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Analyzes the economic impact of Brexit on the Eurozone and financial stability.

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Evaluates the financial implications of the UK's exit, including budget contributions and liabilities.

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(Angie Calderon, Augusto Torres ECB)
1. Trade and Customs: Establishing a New Trade Agreement to Avoid Tariffs and Trade Barriers   

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(Angie Calderon, Augusto Torres ECB)
1. Trade and Customs: Establishing a New Trade Agreement to Avoid Tariffs and Trade Barriers   

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ECB's Position:
The ECB would favor a comprehensive free trade agreement between the EU and the UK to minimize economic disruption. The UK's exit from the EU raises concerns over trade friction, particularly in sectors like manufacturing and financial services. Ensuring minimal tariffs and frictionless trade would benefit both the EU and UK economies.

Proposals:

Regulatory Alignment: Propose regulatory alignment in key sectors like financial services, ensuring that the UK maintains equivalence with EU regulations. This would allow access to EU markets without significant barriers, preserving economic stability.

Customs Union Membership: Advocate for the UK’s continued participation in the EU customs union or a tailored arrangement that minimizes customs checks. This will reduce the risk of trade disruptions, especially in just-in-time industries.

Digital Trade and Data Flow: Ensure that digital trade (including data protection and movement) is addressed in any future trade agreements. The ECB should push for strong provisions that maintain the flow of data and digital goods to avoid economic fragmentation.

Sources:

European Commission’s Trade Policy (EU-UK Agreement)

ECB Financial Stability Review, June 2020

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evaluates the legality of the proposed agreements.

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Negotiates details, balancing member states' interests.

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(Angie Calderon, Augusto Torres ECB) 5. EU Institutions Must Collaborate, Negotiate with the UK, and Find Solutions that Protect EU Interests While Maintaining Political and Economic Stability

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(Angie Calderon, Augusto Torres ECB) 5. EU Institutions Must Collaborate, Negotiate with the UK, and Find Solutions that Protect EU Interests While Maintaining Political and Economic Stability

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ECB's Position:
The ECB must play a central role in ensuring that economic stability is not jeopardized by political uncertainty following Brexit. Close collaboration with EU institutions, especially the European Commission and the European Parliament, will be crucial in formulating policies that protect the financial sector and the Eurozone’s economic interests.

Proposals:

Enhanced Coordination: The ECB should coordinate efforts with the European Commission and other EU bodies, especially in addressing issues that directly affect the financial market and banking union. This would include monitoring the implementation of agreements and ensuring that EU interests are safeguarded in negotiations with the UK.

Market Access for Financial Services: Ensure that the ECB supports provisions that allow EU financial firms to continue offering services in the UK and vice versa, under mutually agreed equivalence regimes.

Economic Monitoring and Early Warning Systems: Establish enhanced monitoring mechanisms within the EU institutions to track the economic impact of Brexit in real time and ensure that corrective measures can be implemented swiftly if market instability arises.

Sources:

ECB Financial Stability Review

EU Negotiation Strategy for Brexit, European Commission

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(Angie Calderon, Augusto Torres ECB)
2. Ensuring the Rights of EU Citizens in the UK and Vice Versa

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(Angie Calderon, Augusto Torres ECB)
2. Ensuring the Rights of EU Citizens in the UK and Vice Versa

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ECB's Position:
The ECB has a clear interest in ensuring that the mobility of workers and citizens is not unduly restricted, as it could affect the labor market and thus economic stability in the Eurozone. Economic growth relies on the free movement of people, and any restrictions could create significant uncertainty.

Proposals:

Legally Binding Guarantees: Ensure that both the EU and UK enshrine legally binding guarantees in their future relationship to protect the rights of EU nationals in the UK and UK nationals in the EU, especially in terms of residency, social security, and employment rights.

Cross-Border Worker Schemes: Support the establishment of schemes that allow EU and UK citizens to continue working in each other’s jurisdictions, with streamlined processes for visas or work permits.

Sources:

European Court of Justice Rulings on Free Movement

European Commission’s Rights of EU Citizens Post-Brexit

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(Angie Calderon, Augusto Torres ECB) 3. Northern Ireland Border: Avoiding a Hard Border Between Northern Ireland (UK) and the Republic of Ireland (EU)

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(Angie Calderon, Augusto Torres ECB) 3. Northern Ireland Border: Avoiding a Hard Border Between Northern Ireland (UK) and the Republic of Ireland (EU)

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ECB's Position:
The ECB strongly supports maintaining an open border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Any physical infrastructure at the border would disrupt trade, cause market fragmentation, and negatively impact financial markets and economic stability, which the ECB is committed to protecting.

Proposals:

Maintain a Soft Border: Propose that the UK and EU implement technological solutions for the border, such as customs facilitation technology (e.g., the use of trusted trader schemes and digital customs declarations).

Special Status for Northern Ireland: Advocate for Northern Ireland to have a special status within the EU Single Market, particularly for goods trade. This would preserve frictionless movement of goods across the Irish border while allowing the UK to leave the customs union.

Sources:

European Commission, Northern Ireland Protocol

ECB Financial Stability Review, June 2020

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(Angie Calderon, Augusto Torres ECB) 4. Financial Settlement: Determining the UK’s Outstanding Financial Obligations to the EU

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(Angie Calderon, Augusto Torres ECB) 4. Financial Settlement: Determining the UK’s Outstanding Financial Obligations to the EU

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ECB's Position:
From the ECB’s perspective, it is essential to settle the financial obligations in a way that protects the EU's budgetary interests. This would ensure that any potential disruptions do not undermine financial stability within the Eurozone or lead to an unplanned shortfall in EU funding.

Proposals:

Clear Payment Schedule: Advocate for a clear, binding settlement plan for the UK’s financial commitments to the EU, including contributions to pensions, EU programs, and infrastructure projects.

Dispute Resolution Mechanism: Push for the inclusion of a dispute resolution mechanism in the withdrawal agreement to ensure that the UK fulfills its financial obligations and to avoid any ambiguity regarding payment.

Sources:

European Commission’s Financial Settlement Guidelines

ECB Financial Stability Report 2019

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As the European Commission, we strive to maintain unity among member states as we negotiate our future relationship with the United Kingdom. Below, we present solutions to address challenges in trade and customs, citizens' rights and the border with Northern Ireland.

°Trade and customs: To establish a new trade agreement that avoids tariffs and trade barriers, we propose to

1. Consolidate the existing Trade and Cooperation Agreement, which already establishes a tariff- and quota-free free trade framework for products between the EU and the UK. Periodically review it to ensure its effectiveness and adapt it to market needs.

2. Encourage regulatory cooperation to minimize technical barriers to trade, based on international standards such as those of the WTO.

3. Implementing effective trade dispute settlement mechanisms to ensure fair and transparent enforcement of the agreement.

4. Implement electronic systems to streamline customs procedures and reduce costs, ensuring that exports and imports are carried out efficiently.

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To guarantee citizens' rights both in the UK and in the EU, we propose:

1. Guarantee the protection of the rights of British citizens residing in the EU and vice versa, ensuring their access to public services, employment and social benefits, as set out in the Withdrawal Agreement.

2. Establish labor mobility agreements that allow citizens to work in the other territory under fair and transparent conditions, although without prior free movement.

3. Ensure coordination on social security to ensure that citizens can access social benefits in both territories.

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To avoid a hard border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, we propose:

1. Maintain and strengthen the Ireland and Northern Ireland Protocol, which avoids a hard border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland by ensuring the free movement of goods and people on the island of Ireland.

2. Implement practical solutions for trade between Northern Ireland and the EU, such as inspection of goods at ports and airports, rather than at the land border.

3. Foster political and economic cooperation between the EU, Ireland and the UK, establishing an ongoing dialogue to address any challenges arising at the border and in the implementation of the Protocol and to promote regional stability.

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To address the UK's outstanding financial obligations to the European Union, we propose.

1. Establish a clear timeline for the settlement of all outstanding UK financial obligations, including budgetary contributions and other financial commitments.

2. Implement transparent and secure payment mechanisms to ensure that the UK meets its financial obligations in a timely and complete manner.

3. Establish periodic reviews or audits to assess progress in meeting financial obligations and adjust arrangements as necessary to maintain financial stability between the parties.

These solutions seek to balance the interests of the EU with the needs of the UK, while maintaining unity among member states and respecting EU law.

Sources

https://comercio.gob.es/es-es/brexit-comercio/Paginas/acuerdo-comercio-cooperacion.aspx?utm_

https://www.consilium.europa.eu/es/policies/post-brexit-agreements/?utm_

https://portal.mineco.gob.es/es-es/ministerio/brexit/Paginas/Preparados_para_el_Brexit.aspx?utm_

https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/news/Brexit-UK-withdrawal-from-the-eu.html?locale=es&utm_

https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1870-46542017000100003&utm_

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As the Court of Justice of the European Union, we can address the outstanding issues between the EU and the UK post-Brexit from a legal and judicial perspective.   

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(Laura Fernandez / Yeniffer Guzman) Court of Justice of the European Union 

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(Laura Fernandez / Yeniffer Guzman) Court of Justice of the European Union 

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PROPOSALS

Trade and Customs

- Interpretation of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement: interpret the provisions of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement to ensure that they are applied uniformly and without creating unfair trade barriers. This includes resolving disputes over rules of origin and technical barriers to trade.

- Dispute settlement procedures: Establish clear processes for resolving trade disputes between the EU and the UK, respecting the principles of fairness and justice.

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We as the Court of Justice of the European Union consider it fundamental to protect the rights of citizens which are enshrined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU and in the Treaty on European Union. 

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(Laura Fernandez / Yeniffer Guzman) Court of Justice of the European Union 

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(Laura Fernandez / Yeniffer Guzman) Court of Justice of the European Union 

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PROPOSALS

Citizens' Rights

- Implementation of the Withdrawal Agreement: Ensure that the Withdrawal Agreement is effectively implemented to protect the rights of EU citizens in the UK and vice versa. This includes ensuring access to public services and right of residence.

- Jurisprudential interpretation: Issue judgments interpreting the provisions of the Withdrawal Agreement relating to citizens' rights, as has been done in previous cases where appeals by UK citizens for loss of their EU citizenship status have been dismissed.

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The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) must ensure the correct interpretation and application of the Withdrawal Agreement, especially the Northern Ireland Protocol, to avoid a hard border.

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(Laura Fernandez / Yeniffer Guzman) Court of Justice of the European Union 

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(Laura Fernandez / Yeniffer Guzman) Court of Justice of the European Union 

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PROPOSALS

- Protocol on Ireland and Northern Ireland: Continue to implement the Protocol on Ireland and Northern Ireland to avoid a hard border, ensuring that the necessary provisions for the flow of goods and people between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are maintained.

- Legal cooperation: Encourage legal cooperation between the UK and the EU to resolve any disputes related to the implementation of the protocol.

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As the European Parliament, we directly represent European citizens with key roles in Brexit: final approval of any agreement by consent, democratic oversight of the negotiating process, defense of citizens' interests and monitoring of the financial implications. No agreement can enter into force without our approval.

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Financial Settlement

Regarding the financial settlement, we demand full transparency, public hearings with independent experts and quarterly reports on payment compliance. We will propose a temporary commission to analyze the budgetary impact and review post-Brexit priorities.

Trade and Customs Solutions

We propose a tariff-free trade agreement conditioned on binding guarantees against social, fiscal and environmental dumping. We demand non-regression clauses on labor standards and consumer protection, with an annual parliamentary oversight mechanism. To protect vulnerable sectors such as fisheries and agriculture, we demand

specific safeguard measures and an adjustment fund.

Governance Structures

We will establish an EU-UK Parliamentary Assembly with balanced representation of relevant political groups and committees, also maintaining our Brexit Coordination Group as the main parliamentary monitoring instrument.

We will adopt a detailed resolution with our conditions for consent before finalizing negotiations and insist on including a periodic review clause with mandatory parliamentary involvement.

Our aim is to secure an agreement that protects the interests of European citizens, preserves the integrity of the European project and establishes a constructive future relationship with the United Kingdom, always under the democratic scrutiny that our institution represents.

FUENTES:

Resoluciones del Parlamento Europeo sobre el Brexit:

Resolución 2020/2563(RSP): https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2020-0033_ES.html

Resolución 2020/2760(RSP): https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2020-0152_ES.html

Grupo de Coordinación del Brexit del Parlamento Europeo: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/brexit-steering-group/en/home.html

Acuerdo de Comercio y Cooperación UE-Reino Unido (TCA): https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/?uri=CELEX:22021A0430(01)

Protocolo sobre Irlanda/Irlanda del Norte: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/?uri=CELEX:12020W/TXT#d1e32-102-1

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The Court of Justice of the European Union must ensure the correct interpretation of the financial agreement between the EU and the United Kingdom. This involves ensuring that the UK's outstanding financial obligations, as stipulated in the Withdrawal Agreement, are fulfilled.

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(Laura Fernandez / Yeniffer Guzman) Court of Justice of the European Union 

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(Laura Fernandez / Yeniffer Guzman) Court of Justice of the European Union 

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PROPOSALS

- Interpretation of financial obligations: Interpret the provisions of the Withdrawal Agreement relating to the UK's financial obligations, ensuring that the financial commitments made during its membership are respected.

- Arbitration procedures: Establish independent arbitration procedures to resolve disputes over financial obligations, ensuring fairness and justice in the process.

SOURCES

- Post-Brexit Before the Court of Justice of the European Union, 2022

- Brexit: UK may suspend “divorce” from EU unilaterally at any time (but what does that entail?). BBC News World, 2018

- A Court living up to its responsibilities: the Brexit before the Court of Justice of the European Union, 2019

- CJEU rejects appeals by some British citizens for the loss of their EU citizenship status after Brexit, 2023

- Measures for Brexit, Ministry of the Presidency.