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The Neolithic Revolution Begins (~10,000 BCE)

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The Neolithic Revolution Begins (~10,000 BCE)

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Impact: Transition from hunter-gatherer societies to agriculture, leading to permanent settlements.

Affected Regions: Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, Americas.

(The Neolithic Revolution marked the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture, leading to permanent settlements, population growth, and the rise of early civilizations. It allowed humans to domesticate plants and animals, leading to technological advancements and the formation of complex societies. This revolution laid the foundation for modern human civilization.)

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The Neolithic Revolution Begins (~10,000 BCE)

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Gunpowder is Invented (9th Century CE, China)

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Gunpowder is Invented (9th Century CE, China)

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Impact: Revolutionized warfare, leading to cannons and firearms.

Affected Regions: China, Europe, Middle East.

(Gunpowder was discovered in China during the Tang Dynasty and was originally used for fireworks before becoming a key ingredient in weapons. It revolutionized warfare, leading to the development of cannons and firearms. Eventually, its use spread to Europe and the Middle East, changing global military tactics forever.)

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Invention of the Printing Press (1440, Germany)

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Invention of the Printing Press (1440, Germany)

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Impact: Mass production of books, spread of knowledge, sparked the Renaissance & Reformation.

Affected Regions: Europe first, then global.(Johannes Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press enabled the mass production of books, making knowledge more accessible and fueling the Renaissance and Protestant Reformation. Literacy rates increased, and the rapid spread of ideas helped shape modern societies. It is considered one of the most important technological advancements in history.)

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Invention of the Printing Press (1440, Germany)

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French Revolution Begins (1789, France)

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French Revolution Begins (1789, France)

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Impact: Overthrow of monarchy, rise of democracy, spread of revolutionary ideas.

Affected Regions: France, Europe.

(The French Revolution was a political and social upheaval that led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the rise of democracy in France. Driven by economic hardship, inequality, and Enlightenment ideas, it resulted in the execution of King Louis XVI and the rise of Napoleon. The revolution influenced democratic movements worldwide.)

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Haitian Revolution Begins (1791, Haiti)

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Haitian Revolution Begins (1791, Haiti)

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Impact: First successful slave revolt, independence from France.

Affected Regions: Haiti, Caribbean, France.

(The Haitian Revolution was the first successful slave revolt, leading to Haiti’s independence from France in 1804. Enslaved Africans, led by Toussaint Louverture, fought against French colonial rule, ending slavery and establishing the first Black republic. This event inspired other independence movements and challenged global colonialism.)

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Impact: First successful slave revolt, independence from France.

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The Industrial Revolution Begins (1750s, Britain)

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The Industrial Revolution Begins (1750s, Britain)

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Impact: Shift to machine-based production, urbanization, economic growth.

Affected Regions: Britain, USA, Europe, later the world.

(The Industrial Revolution marked a shift from hand-made goods to machine-based production, leading to urbanization, economic growth, and technological advancements. Innovations such as steam engines and mechanized factories boosted efficiency and transformed industries like textiles and transportation. This period laid the foundation for modern industrial economies.)

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The Industrial Revolution Begins (1750s, Britain)

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Impact: Improved transportation (trains, ships), boosted industries.

Affected Regions: Britain, Europe, USA.

(James Watt improved the steam engine, making it more efficient for use in factories, ships, and locomotives. This invention revolutionized transportation and industrial production, allowing for faster movement of goods and people. It played a crucial role in the Industrial Revolution.)

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5. Steam Engine Invented (1769, Britain)

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Internal Combustion Engine Invented (19th Century, 1859)

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Internal Combustion Engine Invented (19th Century, 1859)

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Impact: Led to automobiles, airplanes, modern industry.

Affected Regions: Global impact.

(The internal combustion engine, developed in the 19th century, replaced steam engines and became the foundation for modern automobiles and airplanes. It allowed for more efficient transportation, leading to the expansion of cities and economies. This innovation revolutionized industries and everyday life.)

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Internal Combustion Engine Invented (19th Century, 1859)

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Russian Revolution Begins (1917, Russia)

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Russian Revolution Begins (1917, Russia)

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Impact: Ended Tsarist rule, led to communist Soviet Union.

Affected Regions: Russia, global Cold War influence.

(The Russian Revolution overthrew the monarchy and led to the rise of communism under the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin. It resulted in the establishment of the Soviet Union and influenced global politics during the Cold War. The revolution ended centuries of Tsarist rule in Russia.)

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Russian Revolution Begins (1917, Russia)

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Impact: Religious transformation and political shifts in Europe.
Affected Regions: Europe (especially Germany, England, Switzerland); later the Americas.
(Martin Luther’s 95 Theses challenged the Catholic Church, leading to the rise of Protestant denominations. This movement reshaped religious belief, encouraged literacy, and helped spark modern ideas of freedom and reform.)

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Impact: Showed the brutality of trench warfare in WWI.
Affected Regions: France, Britain, Germany.
(The Somme was one of the bloodiest battles in World War I, causing over a million casualties. It marked a turning point in military tactics and public support.)

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Chinese Revolution Begins (1949, China)

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Chinese Revolution Begins (1949, China)

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Impact: Establishment of Communist China under Mao Zedong.

Affected Regions: China, Asia, Cold War dynamics.

(The Chinese Revolution, led by Mao Zedong, resulted in the establishment of the People's Republic of China and the spread of communism. It ended years of civil war between the Chinese Communist Party and the Nationalists. This event shaped China’s political and economic future.)

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An Atomic Bomb is Dropped on Nagasaki (1945)

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An Atomic Bomb is Dropped on Nagasaki (1945)

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Impact: Ended WWII in the Pacific and started the nuclear age.
Affected Regions: Japan; global implications.
(The U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on Nagasaki after Hiroshima. It forced Japan to surrender and launched debates on nuclear ethics and warfare.)

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An Atomic Bomb is Dropped on Nagasaki (1945)

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Invention of the Machine Gun (1884, UK - Maxim Gun)

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Invention of the Machine Gun (1884, UK - Maxim Gun)

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Impact: Changed military tactics, increased casualties in warfare.

Affected Regions: Europe, USA, global.

(Hiram Maxim invented the first self-powered machine gun, which changed the nature of warfare by increasing firepower and casualties. It was widely used in colonial conflicts and World War I, making traditional battle tactics obsolete. The Maxim Gun symbolized the technological advancements in military weaponry.)

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Invention of the Machine Gun (1884, UK - Maxim Gun)

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Cuban Revolution Begins (1953-1959, Cuba)

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Cuban Revolution Begins (1953-1959, Cuba)

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Impact: Overthrow of Batista, rise of Fidel Castro & communist Cuba.

Affected Regions: Cuba, USA, Latin America.

(Fidel Castro and his revolutionary forces overthrew the US-backed dictator Fulgencio Batista, leading to the establishment of a communist government in Cuba. The revolution intensified Cold War tensions between the US and the Soviet Union. It had a lasting impact on Latin American politics and US foreign policy.)

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The Green Revolution Begins (1940s-1960s, Global)

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The Green Revolution Begins (1940s-1960s, Global)

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Impact: Agricultural advances, increased food production, reduced famine.

Affected Regions: India, Mexico, Asia, Africa.

(The Green Revolution introduced high-yield crops, chemical fertilizers, and modern farming techniques to increase food production. It helped reduce famine in countries like India and Mexico but also led to environmental issues and economic disparities. This agricultural transformation shaped global food security.)

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The Green Revolution Begins (1940s-1960s, Global)

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Neil Armstrong Steps onto the Moon (1969, USA)

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Neil Armstrong Steps onto the Moon (1969, USA)

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Impact: First human on the moon, space race victory.

Affected Regions: USA, USSR, global.

(On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon during NASA's Apollo 11 mission. His famous words, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind," symbolized human progress in space exploration. This event marked a major victory for the US in the Space Race against the Soviet Union.)

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Neil Armstrong Steps onto the Moon (1969, USA)

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Digital Revolution Begins (Late 20th Century, Global)

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Digital Revolution Begins (Late 20th Century, Global)

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Impact: Rise of computers, internet, and digital technology.

Affected Regions: Worldwide.

(The Digital Revolution marked the shift from analog to digital technology, leading to the rise of computers, the internet, and mobile devices. It transformed communication, business, and daily life, making information more accessible than ever before. This ongoing revolution continues to shape the modern world.)

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Invention of the Telegraph (1830s–1860s)

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Invention of the Telegraph (1830s–1860s)

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Impact: Start of long-distance instant communication.
Affected Regions: United States and Europe; eventually global.
(The telegraph used electrical signals to send messages across wires, making communication much faster. It helped transform news, business, and military operations, paving the way for future technologies like the telephone and internet.)

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Invention of the Telegraph (1830s–1860s)

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Educational Websites & Institutions:

BBC Bitesize History (https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/subjects/zxsfnbk)

Khan Academy World History (https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history)

History.com (A&E Networks) (https://www.history.com)

National Geographic History (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/)

Library of Congress Digital Collections (https://www.loc.gov/)

Museums & Research Centers:

The British Museum (https://www.britishmuseum.org/) – for early revolutions and inventions

The Smithsonian Institution (https://www.si.edu/) – for modern technology and industrial developments

NASA Archives (https://www.nasa.gov/) – for space exploration

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Impact: Social media transformed global communication and connection.

Affected Regions: United States at launch; now worldwide.
(Facebook made it easy for people to share content and connect across the world. It changed how people interact online and how businesses and politics operate in the digital space.)

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Impact: Revolutionized manufacturing and consumer goods.

Affected Regions: United States initially; now global.
(Synthetic plastic, invented by Leo Baekeland, made it easier to produce affordable, durable goods. While it supported industries, it also introduced environmental problems that are still being addressed today.)

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Impact: One of the bloodiest battles in history, revealing the horrors of WWI.

Affected Regions: Western Front (France, Britain, Germany).
(This battle showed the deadly effects of trench warfare, with over a million casualties. It deeply affected public opinion and military strategy.)

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An Atomic Bomb is Dropped on Nagasaki (1945)

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An Atomic Bomb is Dropped on Nagasaki (1945)

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Impact: Ended WWII in the Pacific and began the nuclear age.

Affected Regions: Japan; major global consequences.
(The U.S. bombed Nagasaki three days after Hiroshima, leading to Japan’s surrender. It introduced nuclear weapons into global politics, starting the Cold War era.)

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An Atomic Bomb is Dropped on Nagasaki (1945)

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Impact: Made the internet accessible and usable for everyone.

Affected Regions: Created in Europe; now used worldwide.
(Tim Berners-Lee developed the web to share information digitally. It forever changed communication, education, entertainment, and global commerce.)

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Impact: Challenged the Catholic Church and created Protestant branches.

Affected Regions: Europe (especially Germany, England, Switzerland); spread globally.
(Martin Luther’s 95 Theses sparked a religious revolution. It changed the role of the Church and encouraged individual reading of the Bible.)

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Impact: Beginning of the video game industry.

Affected Regions: United States at first; now global.
(Pong was the first popular arcade game. It helped launch the home gaming market and influenced how people interact with entertainment technology.)

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Impact: Foundation of transportation and mechanical systems.
Affected Regions: Mesopotamia; later Europe, Asia, and Africa.
(The invention of the wheel allowed for carts, chariots, and machinery, dramatically improving transportation and trade. It is one of the most important inventions in human history and continues to impact how machines and vehicles function today.)

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Impact: Sped up cotton processing and increased slavery in the U.S.

Affected Regions: United States (especially the South); global cotton trade.
(Eli Whitney’s invention made cotton a highly profitable crop. It deepened the division between North and South leading up to the Civil War.)

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Impact: Birth of the aviation industry.
Affected Regions: United States; global expansion followed.
(The Wright brothers’ successful flight marked the beginning of air travel. It made long-distance travel faster and easier, with lasting effects on transportation, commerce, and warfare.)

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Impact: Changed how people use mobile technology.

Affected Regions: United States launch; now used worldwide.
(The iPhone combined internet, phone, and apps in one device. It transformed communication, business, and entertainment.)

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Impact: Advanced AI for communication and productivity.

Affected Regions: Worldwide.
(ChatGPT can write, solve problems, and assist users with tasks using AI. It’s part of the growing trend of artificial intelligence in daily life.)

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Impact: Made cars affordable and common for ordinary people.

Affected Regions: United States initially; then global.
(Henry Ford used assembly lines to make the Model T. It changed transportation and contributed to urbanization and road systems.)

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Invention of the Telegraph (1830s–1860s)

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Invention of the Telegraph (1830s–1860s)

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Impact: Allowed instant long-distance communication.

Affected Regions: United States and Europe; later global.
(The telegraph sent messages using Morse code, transforming business, news, and military coordination. It laid the foundation for modern communication.)

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Invention of the Telegraph (1830s–1860s)

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Impact: Revolutionized detection in war, aviation, and weather.

Affected Regions: United Kingdom and United States first; now global.
(Radar uses radio waves to detect objects and distances. It was key during WWII and is still essential in aviation and meteorology.)