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Stage 1 happens during infancy through about eighteen months. During this stage, babies develop trust and mistrust, which help them protect themselves while forming their intimate relationships. At this age, I depended on my mother for everything. She took great care of me, made me safe and I still trust her. Now, I view the world with a "most people are good" attitude, I am independent, successful, and I have many quality relationships. "If trust predominates, as it should, children develop hope: the belief they can fulfill their needs and obtain their desires. If mistrust predominates, children will view the world as unfriendly and unpredictable and will have trouble forming quality relationships" (Martorell, 2022, p. 150).

# data[].attributes.headline
Martorell, G. (2023). Child, 3rd edition. McGraw Hill.

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Martorell, G. (2023). Child, 3rd edition. McGraw Hill.

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Stage 2 happens from about eighteen months old through three years old. Children find a balance between their self-determination and other's control. This stage can contain the "terrible two's", but thankfully I do not believe I acted as such. My mother states I was a good child, who behaved. My mother set limits and definitely made me feel as though I should abide by them, and that it was genuinely for my own good. "As children are better able to make their wishes understood, they become more powerful and independent. Because unlimited freedom is neither safe nor healthy, said Erikson, shame and doubt also have a necessary place. Toddlers need adults to set appropriate limits, and shame and doubt help them recognize the need for those limits" (Martorell, 2022, p. 156).

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Stage 3 happens from about three years old through five years old. Children find a balance between their desires to participate in something and their reservations about it, because they want social approval. I remember trying all kinds of different sporting activities and was well aware of which sports were "cool". "Preschool children can do—and want to do—more and more. At the same time, they are learning that some of the things they want to do meet social approval, whereas others do not" (Martorell, 2022, p. 210).

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Stage 4 happens from about five years old through twelve years old. Children develop their self-esteem based on how productive they believe they are. I got my first horse around the age of five. Caring for the horse made me have a sense of purpose and a positive self-esteem. "According to Erikson (1998), a major determinant of self-esteem is children’s view of their capacity for productive work, which develops in his fourth stage of psychosocial development: industry versus inferiority" (Martorell, 2022, p. 275).

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"The search for identity—a coherent conception of the self made up of goals, values, and beliefs to which the person is solidly committed—comes into focus during the teenage years. Adolescence is a time to figure out who you are" (Martorell, 2022, p. 336).

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"According to Erikson, a man is not capable of real intimacy until after he has achieved a stable identity, whereas women define themselves through marriage and motherhood. Thus, said Erikson, women develop identity through intimacy, not before it. However, given changes in social structure and the increased role of women in the workplace, it may be that these gender differences are less important than they were previously and individual differences play more of a role now (Archer, 1993; Marcia, 1993)" (Martorell, 2022, p. 337).