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I) Tyranny as role and power. An alternative analysis: The social identity approach 

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I) Tyranny as role and power. An alternative analysis: The social identity approach 

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The study explored the dynamics of individuals when assigned to roles as prisoners and guards. Unlike the prisoners, the guards in the study failed to fully identify with their roles. This reluctance among the guards to assert their authority ultimately led to their being overwhelmed by the prisoners.

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Establishment of Egalitarian Social System

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Establishment of Egalitarian Social System

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As the guards were unable to maintain their authority, the participants in the study established an egalitarian social system where power was distributed more equally.

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The egalitarian system was not sustainable, leading to attempts to impose a tyrannical regime. However, these attempts were met with weakening resistance from the participants.

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The paper suggests that powerlessness and the failure of groups play a crucial role in making tyranny psychologically acceptable.

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The paper discusses the impact of events like the Holocaust during World War II on academic psychology and the study of topics related to discrimination, authoritarianism, and power abuse.

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Shift from Individual to Group-Level Explanations

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Shift from Individual to Group-Level Explanations

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The paper notes a shift in the field of social psychology from explaining extreme behavior based on individual characteristics to focusing on the influence of group processes that can lead individuals to commit offensive acts.

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The paper references the famous SPE, conducted by Philip Zimbardo, which examined the behavior of individuals assigned roles as prisoners and guards. The SPE found that individuals in these roles exhibited extreme behavior.

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Ethical Concerns and Limitations of the SPE

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Ethical Concerns and Limitations of the SPE

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Ethical concerns raised by the SPE, including the extreme results and the legitimacy of subjecting participants to such situations, led to debates about the acceptability of large-scale field interventions.

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The paper introduces the social identity approach, which emphasizes that people's actions within groups are influenced by their identification with those groups, and group behavior depends on group norms and values.

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Conditions for Domination and Resistance

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Conditions for Domination and Resistance

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The social identity approach suggests that the conditions under which people assume their roles and the balance between tyranny and resistance are critical factors in understanding intergroup dynamics.

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The paper argues for revisiting the conclusions drawn from the SPE, considering the limited data available, the role of guidance provided to participants, and the variability in behavior within roles.

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The social identity approach offers an alternative perspective that focuses on the conditions influencing role acceptance and emphasizes the importance of group norms and perceptions of intergroup relations.

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The paper discusses the theoretical implications of the traditional analysis of the SPE, which can lead to the belief that people have little choice or responsibility for their social actions, potentially discouraging resistance against tyranny.

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This research was conducted in collaboration with the documentary production unit of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and aimed to study the behavior of groups with unequal power, status and resources in an environment Fantasy is like prison. Unlike the Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE), the goal of this study was not to recreate a real prison, but to create an environment resembling different hierarchical institutions to explore behavior of unequal groups

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The study aimed to examine whether members accept their role uncritically and whether those with group power can exercise it without restriction, while those without power accept authority without complaint. The study also aimed to evaluate social identity and self-categorization theories. The study was designed as an experimental case study based on a social identity perspective. It includes changes in relevant variables and analyzes the development of intra- and inter-group relationships through the time series method. The study has several goals, including providing comprehensive data on interactions between groups with unequal power, analyzing the conditions that lead people to define themselves based on group membership, and challenging awareness of inequities between groups, examine the relationship between social, organizational, and clinical factors in group behavior, and develop protocols for large-scale studies of psychosocial issues .

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The study aimed to create a hierarchical society within an institutional environment that was constructed inside Elstree Film Studios in north London. The environment consisted of lockable 3-person cells for prisoners and separate quarters for guards (dormitory, bathroom, and mess room).

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The novelty of the experimental manipulations and theoretical analysis was presented as a central part of the scientific case justifying the research.
Minor ailments, such as blisters, were treated by a paramedic, but no significant interventions were required to address ethical concerns.
Ethical Committee Report: After the study was completed, an independent ethical committee published a report characterizing the conduct of the study as "exemplary."

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The study was designed to establish a system of intergroup inequality that would not cause physical or mental harm to the participants. To ensure the safety of participants, the researchers discussed the experimental setup and planned manipulations with colleagues, submitted them to the University of Exeter's ethics panel, and consulted with the Chair of The British Psychological Society's Ethics Committee before conducting the study.

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In the selection of participants for the BBC Prison Study, male participants were recruited through national press advertisements and leaflets. The recruitment process involved three phases of screening. First, applicants completed psychometric tests measuring social and clinical variables, including authoritarianism, social dominance, modern racism, depression, anxiety, and more. Second, they underwent a weekend assessment by independent clinical psychologists. Third, medical references, character references, and police checks were conducted.

The study aimed to include well-adjusted and prosocial individuals with low scores on social and clinical measures for ethical reasons. The final selection was comprised of 15 participants, ensuring diversity in age, social class, and ethnic background. These participants were randomly divided into two groups, consisting of 5 guards and 10 prisoners. The grouping was designed to match participants on key personality variables related to potential tyranny, such as modern racism, authoritarianism, and social dominance. The participants were divided into groups of three, with one randomly chosen as a guard and the other two as prisoners. This process was conducted blindly, with the experimenters unaware of the participants' identities. It's important to note that the number of people in each group varied over time due to experimental manipulations, starting with 5 guards and 9 prisoners, with an additional prisoner introduced later in the study.

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During the experiment, there were always four video channels recording and all audio channels were also recorded. Additionally, daily psychometric tests were conducted. There were three critical charts, mostly derived from scales, including social variables, organizational variables, and clinical variables. It is worth noting that although each chart was not administered daily, they were conducted multiple times to analyze developmental changes over time. Finally, saliva samples were collected to measure cortisol levels.

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In this study, five individuals were invited to a hotel and informed about their role as prison guards before entering the prison. After being provided with the necessary information, the five prison guards were required to establish a series of prison rules based on the headings provided by the researchers and create a set of penalties for rule violations.

On the morning of the research day, the prison guards were transported to the prison in a van with tinted windows. These guards were then provided with all the necessary tools to enforce their authority. Additionally, they were given better treatment compared to the prisoners. Finally, the prison guards changed into their uniforms and began the process of receiving the prisoners.

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In the BBC Prison Study, several interventions were introduced:

Permeability: Guards were initially told they could be promoted based on their behavior, blurring the roles. After one prisoner was promoted to guard, further changes were prohibited.

Legitimacy: Participants were later told that there were no real differences between guards and prisoners, undermining the legitimacy of the group division.

Cognitive Alternatives: A new prisoner with a background in trade unions was introduced, promoting ideas of group-based negotiation and equal rights, challenging the existing regime's legitimacy and encouraging more equal social relations among participants.

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The result of the research lead to 2 phases. The first phase is that prisoners reject inequality, and the second phase is that they embrace inequality.

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This study reevaluates the relationship between groups, power, and tyranny, challenging the idea that group behavior is inherently antisocial. It suggests that failing groups create problems and make society susceptible to authoritarian ideologies. The study also draws parallels with the Stanford Prison Experiment, highlighting the importance of ethical field studies to understand social processes. It calls for renewed interest in debates in psychology and a balanced approach in considering the impact of social relations on human behavior.