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William Henry Davies (3 July 1871 – 26 September 1940) was a Welsh poet and writer, who spent much of his life as a tramp or hobo in the United Kingdom and the United States, yet became one of the most popular poets of his time. His themes included observations on life's hardships, the ways the human condition is reflected in nature, his tramping adventures and the characters he met. His work has been classed to as Georgian, though it is not typical of that class of work in theme or style.

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In his poems, grounded in realism, Davies often engaged themes of hardship, the natural world, and city life. His 20 collections of poetry include The Soul’s Destroyer and Other Poems (1905), Nature Poems and Others (1908), Foliage (1913), and The Bird of Paradise and Other Poems (1914). An introduction to his poetry is included in Selected Poems (1985, chosen for the Oxford Poets series by Jonathan Barker). His work is also featured in Georgian Poetry, Edward Marsh’s anthology series, and in The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse (1973, edited by Philip Larkin). Davies is the subject of Richard J. Stonesifer’s W.H. Davies: A Critical Biography (1963).

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Common problems professional translators must overcome – giving us all a new appreciation for poetry and literature translation.

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Common problems professional translators must overcome – giving us all a new appreciation for poetry and literature translation.

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1.Linguistic Issues – Words in combination with the proper syntax that actually make sense in both the source and target languages can be quite challenging, especially for languages that differ structurally.

2.Literary Problems – Using the correct words and word order while preserving the original meaning and balance of the poem is an important element in preserving the aesthetics of a poem.

3.Poetic Structure – The length and balance of each line must be maintained in the target language in order to preserve the artistic quality of the original poem.

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According to Bassnett-McGuire:

1. Phonemic translation: attempts to recreate the sounds of the SL in the TL, transferring the meaning at the same time.

2. Literal translation: involves word-for-word translation.

3. Metrical translation: reproduces the original meter into the TL. This strategy is not always successful since each language has its own metrical structure.

4. Verse-to-prose translation: producing the TL as prose instead of the ST which is a poem. This method has some weaknesses, the biggest of which is the loss of the beauty of the original poem, or the beauty of the poetic shape.

5. Rhymed translation emphasises transferring the rhyme of the original poem to TL. The result will be appropriate phonetically but tends to be semantically inappropriate.

6. Free verse translation. With this method the translator may be able to achieve the accurate equivalents in the TL at the expense of the literary value.

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It has become clear that poetry is a difficult genre because it is a condensed form of language that is rich with meaning. In addition, poetry applies imagery and the use of figures of speech, especially metaphor, which makes poetry even more challenging for the translator. The following procedures for translating metaphors could be used (Newmark 1988b: 88-95):

1. Reproducing the same image in the TL

2. Replacing the image in the SL with a standard TL image.

3. Translating metaphors as similes.

4. Translating metaphors (or similes) as similes plus sense.

5. Conversion of metaphor into sense (explanation).

6. Deletion.

7. Translating the same metaphor, but combined with sense.