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Hippocrates is quoted to have said, “The greatest medicine of all is teaching people how not to need it.” Prevention is better than cure. Health to me is leading a physically active and healthy lifestyle. It is ensuring I am a good role model for my children and greater family. Health encompasses physical, psychological, spiritual, and emotional domains. They are all interconnected and when one is failing, the other fail, too. Health is a constant state of flux whereby change is necessary with specific needs.

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Being Culturally Competent And Responsive

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Being Culturally Competent And Responsive

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Health is a dynamic mix between physical, emotional, psychological, and cultural needs. The interconnection of these components are integral the health outcomes of the individual. Collectively this is referred to as the biopsychosocial model of health (Biopsychosocial-Cultural
Model 2016).
Multiculturalism is an integral part of Australian society. I feel, as health professionals, it is incumbent upon us to be able to help all people from diverse cultures, religions, nationalities. I have developed my knowledge of how to provide care that is equitable and respectful which focuses on person-centred care. We as clinicians, need to be sensitive to the practices that are integral various definitions of health relative to one’s culture and beliefs. Applying continual reflection on one's own clinical practice/s is essential for optimal health care. My life experience and being from a migrant background, I feel I have basic qualities to be able to incorporate skills and requirements as outlined in Domain 7 of "Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds" (Working with people from migrant and refugee backgrounds 2019).

This domain highlights the importance of professionalism in health practice and asserts the need to treat people with respect, equity, safety, dignity, and respect. Person-centred care and cultural safety are crucial to healing. The importance of the incorporation of family to one’s healing journey in various cultures cannot be understated. Being Australian Greek, I understand the importance of the incorporation of one’s traditions and culture to healing. This is an essential asset as a nurse practising in our wonderfully multicultural society. I believe there is so much to be learned from the diversity of people that we have living here in Australia.

Reference
Brice-Montas, J. M. (2016, March 20). Biopsychosocial-Cultural Model. bricefoundation. https://www.bricefoundation.org/single-post/2016/03/22/biopsychosocialcultural-model#:~:text=Social%20and%20cultural%20factors%20act,and%20extension%20of%20the%20problems.

Migrant & Refugee Women’s Health Partnership. (2019). Working with people from migrant and refugee backgrounds. Migrant & Refugee Health Partnership. https://culturaldiversityhealth.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf

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Social Determinants of Health for Migrants to Australia

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Social Determinants of Health for Migrants to Australia

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The WHO describes social determinants of health as those that are non-medical in nature that affect the level of health one can achieve. This can include a mix of education, language, income, employment, housing, early childhood development, and access to health (World Health Organisation, 2023b). Refugees living in foreign countries experience a variety of inequities that can affect their health outcomes. This is often exacerbated by their struggles whilst living in their homelands (World Health Organisation, 2023a).

Access to healthcare for refugees is fraught with difficulties.  Many refugees do not speak English or at most have limited English. The inability to communicate to primary health services such as pharmacies and general practitioners creates a barrier to optimal health - insufficient medication adherence is but one offset of language barrier (Bellamy et al., 2015)

Migrants face further displacement once resettled in Australia. Contemporarily, the Australian government has preferred to resettle migrants in rural areas due to perceived advantage for rural towns. Conceivably, migrants may be more driven to accept less desirable employment vocations in rural settings, however, the effects of social exclusion often experienced in remote areas is a barrier to health (Ziersch et al., 2020).

Ziersch et al., (2020) further discuss the impact of appropriate housing for migrants. The authors report that some migrant families were placed in housing that was not big enough for their family. In addition, some migrants found they were discriminated against when trying to attain a rental property.

References
Bellamy, K., Ostini, R., Martini, N., & Kairuz, T. (2015). Access to medication and pharmacy services for resettled refugees: A systematic review. Australian Journal of Primary Health, 21(3), 273. https://doi.org/10.1071/py14121

World Health Organization. (2023). Social Determinants of Health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1

Ziersch, A., Miller, E., Baak, M., & Mwanri, L. (2020). Integration and social determinants of health and wellbeing for people from refugee backgrounds resettled in a rural town in South Australia: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09724-z

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Afghanistan has been the stage for economic upheaval due to continual Taliban interventions, causing widespread poverty, starvation, lack of employment, housing, and access to healthcare. As a result, many people of Afghanistan are fleeing to escape the persecution (Amnesty International, 2023). Common health problems of those arriving in Australia are Malaria, Helicobacter pylori and B12 deficiencies (Queensland Government Metro South Health, 2023).

B12 Deficiencies
Continual food scarcity in Afghanistan promotes risk to B12 deficiency. Recommendations for refugees from Afghanistan are to provide a full blood examination (FBE) to provide insight into anaemia and general vitamin and mineral deficiencies. If B12 is found to be deficient, supplementation via oral or intramuscular route is suggested (Chaves & Paxton, 2023).

Helicobacter Pylori

Approximately 72%-93% of migrants coming to Australia are infected with Helicobacter Pylori. It is suggested that those people come from areas of greater chance of being infected, are screened via the breath test or stool antigen mechanisms. Treatment with a 10 day triple therapy regime which may include PI/amoxicillin/ and levofloxacin or 7-14 days of PPI/bismuth/tetracycline/and metronidazole. Considerations need to be taken for women whom are pregnant (Schulz et al., 2023).

Malaria
All refugees from Afghanistan should be screened for Malaria. Refugees with severe falciparum malaria need to be admitted to hospital and treated with artemether/lumefantrine, antimalarials. Non- severe falciparum malaria may be treated as on an outpatient basis. Those people with vivax, malariae or ovale malaria should also be given the above medication. Only those with severe  non-falciparum malaria should receive hospital attention.  Follow-up testing should be conducted to ensure infection is cleared (Philips & Francis, 2023).

References

Chaves, N., & Paxton, G. (2023). Anaemia, iron deficiency, and other blood conditions. Anaemia, Iron Deficiency, and Other Blood Conditions " Australian Refugee Health. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/anaemia-iron-deficiency-and-other-blood-conditions/

Human rights in Afghanistan. Amnesty International. (2023). https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/asia-and-the-pacific/south-asia/afghanistan/report-afghanistan/

Philips, C., & Francis, J. (2023). Malaria. Malaria " Australian Refugee Health. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/malaria/

Queensland Government. (2023). Afghan food and Cultural    Profile: Community - Queensland health. Metro South Health. https://metrosouth.health.qld.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/community-profile-afghan.pdf

Schulz, T., Kay, M., & Cherian, S. (2023). Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter Pylori " Australian Refugee Health. https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/helicobacter-pylori/

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Restrictions on women's rights, freedom of the media and freedom of expression increased exponentially. Institutions designed to support human rights were severely limited or shut down completely. Peaceful protesters faced arbitrary arrests, torture and enforced disappearance. The Taliban conducted extrajudicial executions, arbitrary arrests, torture and unlawful detention of perceived opponents with impunity, creating an atmosphere of fear. Extreme poverty increased, exacerbated by drought and other natural disasters. Public executions and floggings were used as punishment for crimes such as murder, theft, "illegitimate" relationships or violating social norms. Women's rights continued to be attacked, and women's participation in public life was severely limited. Afghanistan was the only country in the world where girls were banned from attending secondary school. Almost all institutions set up to address gender-based violence under the former government were shut down by the Taliban.

Background

Already a poor country, Afghanistan plunged deeper into poverty due to its international isolation and the economic upheaval brought on by the Taliban takeover in 2021. According to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 97% of Afghans were living in poverty, up from 47% in 2020. The lack of social protections led families to resort to measures including child marriage and the selling of organs. The level of humanitarian assistance did not meet the population's needs. The economy continued to be seriously hampered by the freezing of Afghan foreign reserves and the cutting of development assistance, steps taken by the international community following the Taliban takeover. The aid received by Afghanistan in 2022 was mostly humanitarian assistance, aimed at preventing starvation, but not contributing to other social needs. As a result, access to healthcare, employment and education continued to suffer. The exodus of doctors, engineers, lawyers, teachers and government officials left those sectors severely under-resourced.

The increasing humanitarian crisis was made worse by drought, flash flooding, earthquakes and other natural disasters, some exacerbated by climate change.

The Taliban Supreme Leader ordered the Taliban judges to impose sharia law - Islamic law - in November, and thereafter public executions and floggings began.

Extrajudicial executions

Under the Taliban, extrajudicial executions of people associated with the former government, members of armed groups such as the National Resistance Front (NRF), Islamic State of Khorasan Province (IS-KP) and those allegedly not following the Taliban's rules appeared to be widespread and systematic. This included Afghans associated with the former government or former security forces. The UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) recorded at least 237 extrajudicial executions between the Taliban takeover on 15 August 2021 and 15 June 2022. In December, the UN reported at least another 69 extrajudicial killings primarily of NRF members, 48 of of which had occurred between 12 and 14 September in Panjshir province.

In one incident in Ghor province on 26 June, the Taliban attacked the home of a man associated with the former government, killing six Shia Hazaras: four men, a woman and a girl. Three of the men killed were members of the former anti-Taliban groups known as the People's Uprising. Following the extrajudicial killings the Taliban claimed that they were rebels, despite the fact that all those killed were civilians. In September, fresh videos and pictures of extrajudicial killings by the Taliban of people associated with the NRF in Panjshir province appeared on social media. The attacks clearly constituted a war crime. The Taliban Ministry of Defence announced an investigation into the incident, but no findings were made public. Media reported that civilians in the area were evicted and their homes taken over to be used as police and military installations. The Taliban authorities also tortured to death civilians in Panjshir province, according to media reports. On 6 September the UN Special Rapporteur on the situation in Afghanistan reported on executions of captured fighters in Balkhab district of Sar-I-Pul Province.

Impunity prevailed for such crimes under the Taliban. There were no proper or transparent investigations into extrajudicial executions or other gross human rights violations. Taliban officials continued to deny that such violations had occurred and rejected the findings of NGOs including Amnesty International.

Death penalty, torture, and cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment

The Taliban began publicly executing and flogging people for crimes such as murder, theft, "illegitimate" relationships or violations of social norms. Between 18 November and 16 December, more than 100 people were publicly flogged in stadiums in several provinces, according to UN human rights experts.

In December, the Taliban authorities carried out their first public execution in Farah province in the presence of senior Taliban officials including the deputy prime minister, ministers and the chief justice.

Freedom of expression, association and assembly

The space for free media shrank drastically as the Taliban created an increasingly intimidating environment, forcing many media outlets to close. Journalists faced growing restrictions including arbitrary arrest, unlawful detentions and torture in response to reporting that criticized the Taliban, leading many to self-censor. Journalists were beaten and faced other forms of torture while detained. Many journalists fled the country. Women television reporters were forced to almost completely cover their faces.

The Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC), the national human rights institution, remained closed, and the space for civil society organizations to document and report on human rights shrank significantly. Independent human rights groups were unable to work freely. The Taliban arrested and unlawfully detained those who criticized the Taliban on social media, particularly Facebook.

The Taliban dismantled any space for peaceful assembly, demonstration or gathering. Taliban police used excessive and unnecessary force against demonstrators, and peaceful protesters were arbitrary arrested, detained, tortured and forcibly disappeared. Detained protesters faced physical and psychological torture. Family members prevented female relatives from protesting out of fear of repercussions, further shrinking the space for freedom of assembly.

Women's and girls' rights

The Taliban shut down the Ministry of Women's Affairs (MoWA) and replaced it with the Ministry for the Propagation of Virtue and Prevention of Vice, which issued restrictive and abusive decrees on women's and girls' rights. Women who protested against these restrictions were met with unlawful detention and violence.

Girls remained barred from attending secondary school, and from December, from tertiary education. Previously, women attending universities were required to learn in gender-segregated classrooms wearing head-to-toe coverings, among other restrictions. They faced difficulties registering for classes and the national university entrance exam and, in some instances, were denied entrance to university buildings, making higher education almost inaccessible. Women were also barred from studying certain subjects. By the end of the year, women and girls were only permitted to attend primary schools.

Women and girls were increasingly prevented from freely accessing other public spaces through various measures. The Taliban imposed a dress code, required women to have a chaperone ( mahram) to accompany them in public, and banned women and girls from public parks. In August, the media reported that 60 women university students were denied the right to leave Afghanistan because they did not have a mahram. These rules were arbitrarily and randomly enforced and many women chose not to travel alone as a result.

The Taliban announced that male relatives would be responsible for any violations of the restrictions by women and girls in their families. This led to family members restricting the rights of female relatives out of fear of reprisals by the Taliban authorities. The Taliban cracked down on women who protested against these restrictions publicly or on social media, including through beatings, arrests, unlawful detention and arrests of family members. Some of the women arrested, including those fleeing abuses, were charged with a vague and ambiguous "crime" of "moral corruption". However, following the Taliban takeover the applicability of previously existing laws remained mostly unclear as the Taliban publicly enforced their narrow and restrictive understanding of the sharia laws in the country. While protests continued throughout the year, they were increasingly met with resistance from Taliban police who blocked the way of protesters and arrested journalists attempting to cover the protests.

The dismantling of former government structures, including the MoWA and the AIHRC, and the conversion of the judicial system into the religious-based sharia system, reduced the protections previously available to women and girls. This led to an increase in reports of domestic violence and forced marriages. There was no reliable mechanism to which women victims of domestic violence could turn. Courts and prosecution units that were previously responsible for investigating and adjudicating cases of gender-based violence remained shut. The Taliban authorities and community-level dispute resolution mechanisms both punished women for reporting domestic violence.

The Taliban additionally barred women and girls from working with NGOs in December. This and other Taliban restrictions on women's rights to work outside the home hugely affected women's livelihoods - in particular households where they are the sole breadwinners - at a time of increasing national food insecurity.

Unlawful attacks and killings

Between August 2021 and June 2022, UNAMA recorded 2,106 civilian casualties. Many were people killed by the IS-KP, which continued to carry out systematic and targeted attacks on minority ethnic and religious groups, including by bombing religious and educational centres and attacking public transportation taken by these groups. Such instances included an attack on a Sikh temple in the capital, Kabul, on 18 June and the bombing of an education centre in a primarily Hazara neighbourhood on 30 September. The latter killed at least 52 teenagers, mostly girls. The Taliban authorities failed to investigate these attacks or take adequate steps to protect minorities. Instead, in some instances, the Taliban removed existing security measures set up under the former government to protect these minority groups. This included removing guards protecting sites likely to be targeted, exposing them to further risk of attack.

In areas of ongoing armed resistance against the Taliban - particularly in the provinces of Panjshir, Baghlan, Badakhshan and Sari Pul - civilians continued to face death, arbitrary arrest, torture and restricted movement enforced by local Taliban authorities. Locals also reported that the Taliban carried out forced evictions in these areas, particularly in Panjshir.

Right to health

The government takeover by the Taliban continued to be deeply damaging to the country's healthcare system. The Taliban policy on women healthcare workers remained ambiguous and inconsistent. Because of requirements that women travel with a mahram, as well as fears of Taliban reprisals against women and the large numbers of educated women who fled the country, the healthcare sector faced a serious depletion in human resources. This was particularly challenging in rural areas where health resources were already limited under the previous government. The freezing of most international aid, which had been largely responsible for supporting healthcare before 2021, left hospitals and health clinics with limited resources or staff, contributing to a widespread inability to access healthcare.

Refugees and internally displaced people

Large numbers of Afghans continued to flee the country due to a well-founded fear of persecution by the Taliban. Despite the dangers they were subject to in Afghanistan, other countries continued to deport Afghan refugees and asylum seekers. Some fleeing Afghans were shot dead, denied the right to apply for asylum, faced pushbacks on the border, or met with other violations and exploitation by the authorities of the countries in which they sought refuge.

At the beginning of the year, 3.8 million people were internally displaced in Afghanistan, living in precarious circumstances with limited ability to access their human rights. The Norwegian Refugee Council reported that the Taliban forcibly evicted some of these internally displaced people from urban areas and forced them to return to their villages of origin, where they faced extreme poverty and an inability to sustain themselves.

LGBTI people's rights

LGBTI people in Afghanistan continued to face grave human rights violations perpetrated by the Taliban, including threats, targeted attacks, sexual assaults, arbitrary detentions and other violations. Many LGBTI people remained fearful that past discriminatory practices by the Taliban would resurface. These historically included punishing those believed to be engaging in same-sex relations with death. Many LGBTI people remained in hiding, fearing a risk to their lives.

The Taliban governance structure lacked justice, truth or reparation for crimes under international law or human rights violations. Courts and prosecutors did not investigate extrajudicial executions or prosecute those committing other human rights violations. The independence of the judicial system was severely damaged by the Taliban replacing judges and courts with their own systems of justice.

In October, the ICC Pre-Trial Chamber authorized the ICC Prosecutor to resume its investigation into the situation in Afghanistan. In its decision, the Court stressed that such an investigation should be with regard "to all alleged crimes and actors", including "members of armed forces or security and intelligence services of non-States parties", in contrast to the Prosecutor's prior decision to focus his attention on crimes committed only by the Taliban and IS-KP.

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Stay up to date on the state of human rights in Afghanistan with the latest research, campaigns and education material from Amnesty International.

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Whenever we were sick as kids, my Mum would us a big pot of Greek Chick soup. It's a hearty, wholesome, and soulful blend of softly boiled chicken with a creamy egg/lemon sauce – Soul Food! The house smells of fresh lemony citrus that just soothes your soul. It's Magic!!!!

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Published . Last updated By Elizabeth Lindemann &nbsp&nbsp/&nbsp&nbsp This post may contain affiliate links.

Avgolemono Soup (Greek Chicken Soup with Lemon and Egg) is, for sure, without question, the best soup in the world. Avgolemono sauce is stirred into a basic chicken and rice soup, which is a luxurious sauce made of emulsified eggs, lemon juice, and hot broth. The result gives the soup a rich and creamy texture without any added dairy, plus it's packed with nutrients like protein and vitamin C!

Avgolemono is everything you'd ever want out of a soup. It's simple and light, yet hearty and satisfying. It has a luxurious creamy texture, but there's no milk or cream anywhere. That's just the Avgolemono sauce- eggs mixed with lemon juice and thoroughly emulsified and tempered with hot broth, then added into the soup. It also adds a really interesting foamy texture to the top of the soup - look closely at the photo above. See the tiny bubbles? Think gin fizz. Absolutely delightful.

What is Avgolemono Sauce?

Roughly translated, Avgolemono means "The nectar of the gods." Just kidding. It means egg-lemon sauce (avgo=egg; lemono=lemon). In this case, it's stirred into chicken and rice soup. You can also serve avgolemono sauce over grapeleaves (dolmathes), chicken, lamb, meatballs, etc. It's kind of like a citrusy gravy.

You make it by mixing together eggs and lemon juice, then adding very hot broth gradually while mixing to temper the eggs.

Some people are intimidated by making avgolemono sauce. Done right, it's extremely smooth and creamy. But the eggs can curdle sometimes, resulting in a less-than-ideal (but still delicious!) texture.

Never fear! I have some foolproof tips for making the smoothest, most perfectly emulsified Avgolemono sauce for this soup. It's actually really easy to do and so satisfying!

Tips for making a super smooth Avgolemono

1. Use a blender! A blender mixes the eggs and lemon juice at such a high speed, and it's easy to gradually pour the hot broth into the mixture while the blender is on.

No blender? Use anelectric hand mixer instead and make the sauce in a bowl.

You can, of course, use a whisk, mixing very vigorously, as the yaiyais did in ye olde days. But it's harder to get a really nice smooth sauce this way.

Note: a large food processor will work for small batches of avgolemono sauce; otherwise, it may overflow.

2. Make sure the broth is BOILING hot. I make sure the broth is boiling before I add it to the sauce. And add it extremely gradually to the egg/lemon mixture.

3. When adding the avgolemono sauce to the soup, turn off the heat. Similarly to soups with heavy cream added to them (like fish chowder), you want to make sure the soup isn't boiling at all, otherwise it may curdle.

4. Finally, stir some pats of cold butter into the soup after it's all done.
Adding butter will not only cut the acidity of the lemon juice, but help further emulsify everything. This works in the same way adding cold butter to a pan sauce makes it a bit thicker and more homogeneous.

Ingredients and Substitutions

Chicken broth

Cooked chicken - I made my own broth and cooked chicken in my slow cooker. This is also a good way to use rotisserie chicken, leftover roast chicken, or even poached chicken breasts (you can just poach them in the soup while the rice is cooking if you like).

Rice - I like using long grain white rice (Basmati) because it cooks so fast. Converted rice is more traditional. Use whatever kind you want, just keep an eye on cooking times for different kinds.

Onions and Celery - sometimes I add carrots, too. Or you can omit these, especially if you are using a good, flavorful chicken broth base.

Butter - or ghee or olive oil for a dairy-free version.

Eggs

Lemon juice - I like a LOT! You can feel free to use less if you are sensitive to lemon flavor (though the added butter cuts the acidity quite a bit).

Please scroll to the bottom of the post for the full recipe including ingredient amounts and detailed instructions.

How to make Avgolemono Soup

Avgolemono FAQs

Can I make Avgolemono dairy free?

Yes! Just use ghee or olive oil instead of butter.

Can I make a vegetarian Avgolemono soup?

Sure! Use veggie broth instead of chicken broth, and sub out the chicken meat for veggies like spinach or mushrooms, or a plant-based protein like white beans or chickpeas.

Can I freeze Avgolemono soup?

Unfortunately, freezing this soup will result in a separated, curdled texture. It's still delicious though, and I recommend freezing it over tossing out any leftovers you don't have time to get to!

How do I reheat Avgolemono to prevent curdling the eggs?

Heat the soup gently and don't bring it to a boil. I usually microwave it in a bowl for one minute, stir, and microwave for one minute more. On the stovetop, heat on medium or low and stir frequently, turning off the heat before it comes to a boil.

Other Chicken Soup Recipes
Did you know commenting and rating recipes is one of the best ways you can support your favorite food bloggers? If you made this recipe, please click the stars below to comment and and/or share photos on social media using the hashtag #bowlofdelicious or tagging @bowlofdelicious!

This post originally appeared on Bowl of Delicious on February 5,2014. It has been republished with new photos, improved recipe instructions, and more pertinent information.

Filed Under: All Recipes, Budget Meals, Dairy Free Recipes, Dinner Recipes, Gluten Free Recipes, Greek Recipes, Make Ahead and Freezer Meals, Quick and Easy Recipes, Soup and Stew Recipes
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Avgolemono (Greek Chicken Soup with Lemon + Egg) - Bowl of Delicious

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Avgolemono Soup is a Greek chicken and rice soup with egg and lemon - with tips for making smooth avgolemono sauce with a blender and butter.

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Outdoor run with my hubby. Visited one of the Giants of Mandurah

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A mix of Aussie and Greek... I married an Australian sailor back in 1995. We are blend of Australian and Greek and we love being physically active - it is fundamental for our mental health regime!

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“Let food be thy medicine, and let medicine be thy food.” - Hippocrates

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Mediterranean diet is notable for its health benefits. Traditional Greek foods consist on legumes, fish, and fresh fruit and vegetables. Red meat is consumed rarely, as a little as a once a fortnight. We love our Olive Oil with a passion!

Eat well, live well!

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Dance inter-connects people and provides a social platform for the community to unite and be active Greek dancing is an important link to our culture and traditions and helps to maintain a holistic approach to health and well-being.

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Olive oil - One of the greatest necessities of the Greek household

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Mum would heat some pure olive in a teaspoon until it is luke warm. She would pour it into our ears and place some cotton wool to cover. I'm not sure if it was mind over matter or just shear fluke, but it almost always fixed our ear aches!!!!

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Greek Orthodox religion is pivotal to ones health and well-being and there are many rites and rituals that they perform. One is the anointing of the sick with blessed olive oil and holy water. Spirituality is a pillar of faith and healing (Fouka et al., 2012).

Fouka, G., Plakas, S., Taket, A., Boudioni, M., & Dandoulakis, M. (2012). Health-related religious rituals of the Greek Orthodox Church: Their uptake and meanings. Journal of Nursing Management, 20(8), 1058–1068. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12024