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Elementary and Secondary Education Act

The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) was signed into law in 1965 by President Lyndon B. Johnson. From its inception, ESEA was a civil rights law. ESEA offered new grants to districts serving low-income students, federal grants for textbooks and library books, funding for special education centers, and scholarships for low-income college students. Additionally, the law provided federal grants to state educational agencies to improve the quality of elementary and secondary education.

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Bilingual Education Act

Enacted in 1968 as Title VII of the ESEA, the Bilingual Education Act (BEA) indicated that bilingual education programs were to be seen as part of federal educational policy. It authorized the use of federal funds for the education of speakers of languages other than English. It also undermined the English-only legislation still in place in many states. The 1968 BEA allocated funds for such minority language speakers while they shifted to working through English in the classroom.

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Lau v. Nichols

Lau v. Nichols was a court case on behalf of Chinese-speaking students against the San Francisco School District in 1970. The case concerned whether or not non-English-speaking students received equal educational opportunities when instructed in a language they could not understand. The ruling established that language programs for language minorities not proficient in English were necessary to provide equal educational opportunities. Following the ruling, the Office of Civil Rights issued " Lau remedies", which provided guidelines on schools' obligations to limited English-speaking students. This required the provision of bilingual education in districts where the civil rights of such students had been violated.

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No Child Left Behind

Established by former President George W. Bush, No Child Left Behind (NCLB) was created to place a special focus on funding schools and states in order to boost the achievement of certain groups of students such as English Language Learners. It re-authorized the ESEA and remained in effect for over a decade – several years past its expected re-authorization date. NCLB was radical in its requirements for the treatment of ELLs. The Title VII Bilingual Education Act was eliminated; ELL issues were addressed under Title III, ‘Language Instruction for Limited English Proficient and Immigrant Students’.

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Every Student Succeeds Act

The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) was signed into law by President Barack Obama in 2015, thus bringing NCLB to an end. The main purpose of ESSA is to make sure public schools provide a quality education for all kids. It gives states a central role in how schools account for student achievement. Under ESSA, each state creates an education plan for its schools within a framework provided by the federal government. The law gives parents and caregivers a chance to weigh in on these plans. ESSA also provides funding for literacy programs and other grants and encourages innovation in how schools teach kids.