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Function: Control movements, motions, feelings, senses, and all movements voluntary and involuntary made by the body.

Brain: The brain controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger, and every process that regulates our body. It receives information through the spinal cord.

Spinal Cord: The spinal cord sends motor commands, sensory information, and coordinate reflexes to the brain, and receives commands from the brain. Its parts consist of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar.

Nerves: The nerves send electrical signs to create movement.

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What are they: Nerve cells that send messages to the whole body

How Communication Happens in the Nervous System: The communication between the different components happens through neurons.

Sensory neurons: Transmit information from the body to the spinal cord and brain.

Motor neurons: Carry signals from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands, resulting in various actions and responses.

Interneurons: Within the spinal cord and brain process and integrate incoming signals, enabling coordinated and complex responses.

The functionality of Nerouns Parts:

Dendrite: Receive and collect information from neurons.

Axon: Send electrical information from the dendrite to the synaptic.

Synaptic: Send information to other neurons.

Form Follows Function:

Dendrite: The tine branches allow it to receive several different signals simultaneously.

Axon: Is straight and efficient so it speeds up communication.

Synaptic: The tine branches allow it to send several different signals simultaneously.

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Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transfer electrical signals. It sends information from the nerve cell (neurons) and through space and informs the next nerve when finally reaches a gland or muscle. These molecules are stored in the synaptic vesicles, in the axon and when is passed in space to a receptor, this is called synaptic junction.

Dopamine Is a chemical messenger that transmits signals in the brain and other areas of the nervous system. It is responsible for the reward system sensation in the body as pleasure, satisfaction, and motivation. Dopamine makes the body feel immediate gratification and makes us more irrational/ bad decision-making. Therefore, when dopamine is realized it may lead us to worse decisions.

Serotonin: Is responsible for controlling mood, anxiety, sleep, appetite, heart rate, body temperature, sensitivity, and cognitive functions ("Alimentação," 2020).

(Cleveland Clinic, n.d.)

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Connection Between Nervous and Respiratory System

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Connection Between Nervous and Respiratory System

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Connection: The connection between both systems is that the nervous system makes the exchange of gases possible in the body.

Example One: Breathing is all about brain control, the medulla oblongata (brain part) regulates the rate and depth of breathing. Chemoreceptors detect the amount of CO2 level in the blood, and when levels are high send signals to the medulla oblongata, which increases the rate and depth of breathing to expel excess CO2 and bring in more oxygen. Therefore, can regulate the amount in the blood.

Example two: Diafragma muscle is extremely important when regarding respiration. Its contraction is controlled by the phrenic nerve and, when you inhale, motor neurons in the spinal cord send signals through the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm, causing it to contract exhaling CO2.

(BYU-I Books, n.d.)

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Connection Between the Nervous and Cardiovascular System

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Connection Between the Nervous and Cardiovascular System

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Neuron transmitter signals control heart rate and blood pressure.

Example One: When you are in a dangerous situation, the brain recognizes it and will make your heart beat faster, so your circulation will increase. The nervous system is responsible for increasing the heart rate and circulation, but also for liberating emotions.

Example Two: When you are exercising your heart will beat faster due to the increase of oxygen demand. Therefore, circulation will increase so the oxygen reaches all body parts. However, the heart rate just increases due to a signal sent by the brain, that passes through the spinal cord and reaches the heart, the signal is passed by motor neurons.

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Connection Between Nervous and Digestive System

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Connection Between Nervous and Digestive System

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Connection: The regulation and coordination of the digestive system is only possible due to the nervous system, which is able to collect and inform information to/from different organs.

Example One: When the body is hungry and sees food, the sensorial neurons send the brain signals, and then the brain processes information and responds by sending signals through the spinal cord to the salivary glands, so it starts producing saliva. Saliva the chemical responsible for breaking down food, is the second phase of the digestive system. The glands receive information from the motor neurons that make the gland produce the acid.

Example Two: Hunger is regulated by the brain. The stomach and intestines produce hormones like ghrelin, which signals hunger to the brain, and leptin which signals fullness. Therefore, a part of the brain called the hypothalamus recognizes the hormones, and when ghrelin levels are really high the brain understands the body requires food, and when leptin is high, the brain understands we are full of food.

(Starkman, n.d.)

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Connection Between the Nervous System and Hormones/Puberty

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Connection Between the Nervous System and Hormones/Puberty

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The connection between both systems is mainly related to the control of hormone production that creates secondary sexual characteristics.

Example One: The hypothalamus gland produces GnRH, and when it reaches the pituitary gland it produces two different types of hormones, LH and FSH. Both spread through the blood and it get to the testis it produces testosterone. Testosterone is a hormone that generates secondary sexual characteristics in men.

Example Two: For women, it happens a similar process, however, when LH and FSH reach the ovaries instead of producing testosterone as the main hormone, it produces estrogen and progesterone. The effects of those hormones are menstruation cycles and secondary sexual characteristics.

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Red Blood Cell: This is responsible for the exchange of gases around the body. It takes the oxygen and delivers it to the tissue around our body. It is also responsible for carrying CO2 to the lungs. Inside the red blood cell, there's a protein called hemoglobin. It sticks to the oxygen molecule and then to the CO2. However, not at the same time. The cell has a biconcave shape. Therefore, it has more surface area for the oxygen to bind. The cell is foldable, which allows the cell to squeeze through the body. Lastly, it doesn't have organelles so it folds.

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Head: Consists of acrosome which has several enzymes to help fertilization in the ovum. The nucleus is where the cell carries the genetic information, 23 chromosomes.

Mid Piece: This is where the mitochondria are placed, an organelle responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP for cells. Sperm need energy as they need to move to reach the egg, and also after fecundation to develop the fetus

Tail: Make the cell able to swim.

Function: The sperm cell is the reproductive cell for men, it fecundates in the ovum after sexual intercourse and disinvolves a fetus.

(The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1998)

Form Follows Function:

The head shape is to pierce the ovum and the tail is to swim.

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Connection Between the Nervous and Muscular System

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Connection Between the Nervous and Muscular System

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Movement is the contraction of muscle due to signals sent by the motor neurons. The neurons are all activated through the brain, which sends information by the spinal cords to nerves.

Example One: The movement of a finger, happens through a subconscious decision made by the brain, that sends signals through the spinal cord to the nerves, and the motor neurons give signals to the muscle making it to contract.

Example Two: Involuntary movement such as the smooth muscle in the intestine are also controlled by the brain. The intestine muscle movement happens due to signal send by the brain. The brain, sends information by the spinal cords to nerves to the neurons which create the muscle contraction

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Cravo, S. L., Campos, R., Colombari, E., Sato, M. A., Bergamaschi, C. T., Pedrino, G. R., Ferreira-Neto, M. L., & Lopes, O. U. (2009). Role of the medulla oblongata in normal and high arterial blood pressure regulation: the contribution of Escola Paulista de Medicina - UNIFESP. Anais Da Academia Brasileira De Ciencias, 81(3), 589–603. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652009000300021

Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.). Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23262-sympathetic-nervous-system-sns-fight-or-flight

BYU-I Books. (n.d.-b). Respiratory control by the medulla oblongata. https://books.byui.edu/bio_265_anatomy_phy_II/541___respiratory_co

Starkman, G. (n.d.). You’re Hungry - Says who; Your Stomach or Your Brain?: NY Neurology Associates: Neurologists. Gary Starkman, MD. https://www.nyneurologists.com/blog/youre-hungry-says-who-your-stomach-or-your-brain

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1998b, July 20). Sperm | Definition, Function, Life Cycle, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/sperm

Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.-a). Lymphocytes. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23342-lymphocytes

Professional, C. C. M. (n.d.-b). Neurotransmitters. Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22513-neurotransmitters

DW Planet A. (2021, June 18). Neuromarketing: How brands are getting your brain to buy more stuff [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkDVC_izIV0

Big Think. (2021, July 27). How Apple and Nike have branded your brain | Your Brain on Money | Big Think [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4eIDBV4Mpek

iluli by Mike Lamb. (2021, June 1). Targeted ads: The dark side of divulging your data [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yVwKQqbMw-c

William, H. (2022, August 4). The risks of targeted advertising. GetTerms. https://getterms.io/blog/the-risks-of-targeted-advertising

Alimentação. (2020, May 7). Serotonina: para que serve e quais alimentos ajudam a elevar nível no corpo. Uol. Retrieved November 12, 2023, from https://www.uol.com.br/vivabem/faq/serotonina-o-que-e-e-como-aumentar.htm

Sending and Receiving Messages [Online forum post]. (n.d.). National Institute on Drug Abuse (Gov). Retrieved November 13, 2023, from https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/mod3.pdf

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Lymphocytes: A white blood cell that is responsible for the immune system. There are two different types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells.

B cells have a round shape with a large nucleus. They are covered with antibody molecules on their surface, which are used for recognizing and binding to specific pathogens substances.

The main function of the B cells is the production of antibodies. When they find any pathogen in the body it bind to it using its antibody receptors. As a reaction, the cell multiplies itself producing plasma cells with large quantities of antibodies. Therefore, helps to neutralize and eliminate the invading pathogens.

T cells have a more irregular shape. They also have a unique structure called the T-cell receptor (TCR) on their surface. TCRs are involved in recognizing and binding to antigens

Its main function is to kill infected or cancerous cells.

B cells have a round shape, which provides them with a large surface area covered with antibodies. This shape is ideal for binding to and trapping antigens in the bloodstream.T cells, with their free shapes, are designed for scanning the surfaces of other cells. This shape allows T cells to get close contact with target cells to detect and respond to infected cells.

(Cleveland Clinic, n.d.)

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The mitochondria's main function is to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the cell's main source of energy. It produces this energy by cellular respiration, which uses oxygen and glucose and as a result of the chemical reaction realizes carbon dioxide, water, and energy (ATP). Neurons need a lot of energy, as they must constantly generate electrical impulses to transmit information over distances. This energy is used for several different processes in neurons, including the release of neurotransmitters at synapses.

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Reward System: It is the part of the brain that consists of pleasure and encouragement of certain actions. This is where our motivation comes from and the accomplishment feeling.

Work-full Reward: Requires a lot of effort and commitment, usually long-term. Also, it is commonly associated with goal achievements either in sports, personal life, or business.

Easy Reward: It is quick and easy, through simple actions you are pleased. Usually, this system is where people get addicted.

Social Media Interaction and Reward System: Social media is part of the easy reward, therefore, is easy to get addicted. The first time you do something, it releases high levels of dopamine, however, as time goes by or frequent usage of something, gradually your body gets desensitized. That is why when you are watching TikTok for long periods of time you start getting bored.

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Bias: When you are more likely to do something because of previous things.

Cognitive Bias: This is when our brain makes decisions in ways that might not be completely logical. These ways of thinking can be like shortcuts our brain takes to make decisions quickly, but they can also make us make mistakes. For example, we are more likely to pay more attention to things we agree with and see as true. As a consequence, we relate unknown things and things we disagree with wrong and most of the time even spend time understanding it before judging.

Algorithm Bias: Algorithm bias is when computer programs do unfairly and treat different people unfairly because of things like their race, gender, or age. This can happen when the computer is taught using data that already has stereotypes, or when the computer unintentionally uses generalized data to put people inside buckets resulting in reinforcing society stereotypes.

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Reward System, Cognitive Bias and Social Media Connection

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Reward System, Cognitive Bias and Social Media Connection

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People tend to engage and connect themselves with what they agree, therefore, what the social media platform indicates for them is always related to what they like. Moreover, people are always with one perspective exposed to cognitive bias, quickly flooding their minds with information that might not be real and, manipulating information irrationally for pleasure. The consequences are hate and crimes against others because social media users aren't shown the other side.

Engagement in social media means pleasure in our brain, the reward system in releasing dopamine for the content we relate with. However, the reward system shapes our perspectives which leads to biased thinking, when our brain distorts information to activate rewards.

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Advertisement is really a huge study of how human brains work. "The studies refer to emotional elements or elements that aren't fully conscious and things that might be contributing to people's experience and choices" (Uma Karmarkar, researcher). The neurospecialist explains that if scientist understands what makes us want to buy a product, they can manipulate us toward their brand. Moreover, it plays off with the operating modes of our brain: system one: quick response, unconsciousness, and automatic; system two: deliberate and conscious. Generating strategies to tire up our brains and make us think in system one is a common strategy used by companies, as when being irrational we are more likely to buy things.

(DW Planet A, 2021)

"we relate to brands the same way we relate to people" (Neuroscientist professor), "Brand is our identity" and "self-expressive value"(Marketing professor). Those quotes from specialist demonstrate how propaganda make humans connect with different companies that they identify as part of their identity. Brands make a strong relation with who you are, and what you stand for.

(Big Think, 2021)

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Target Advertisement, Social Media and Risks

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Target Advertisement, Social Media and Risks

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Advertisement is social media work based on demographics and creating buckets based on the information you have provided such as age, gender, hobbies, interests, and places you visit. With that data algorithm indicate adds based on the data you and people from the same buckets share. In some cases, commonly known as cookies, the acceptance of it results in the sharing of information registered that will be used by the website to provide you with ads based on your interest.

(iluli by Mike Lamb, 2021)

The biggest risk of targeting being so accurate is that people often just have contact with the content of their bucket meaning they are limited to other perspectives. As a consequence, people tend to overreact when others disagree with their thinking, as for them everybody thinks in the same way as them.

(William, 2022)

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Why are Kids more Vulnerable than Adults to Social Media and Target Advertisement?

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Why are Kids more Vulnerable than Adults to Social Media and Target Advertisement?

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Teenagers are often considered more at risk while using social media and exposed to target advertisements than adults for several different reasons. The main division point is the development of the brain, specifically the prefrontal cortex, the discerning part that makes humans able to analyze situations, impulse control, and understand long-term consequences, facilitating them to be pursued by ads. Also, adolescents are in a life period where friends' acceptance is really important, so when friends share content they tend to interact and share with others to be recognized by the group, even if the idea could create further consequences. Peer pressure is something to take into consideration, as kids are more likely to make part of trends but things in target advertisements do to friends influence. In conclusion, kids are more vulnerable as their body is still developing, social aspects are extremely important, and lack life experience.

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Step-by-Step - how the neuron sends information to another neuron.

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Step-by-Step - how the neuron sends information to another neuron.

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1- Dendrites receive the electrical signal

2-The dendrites collect incoming signals from various neurons. These signals can be either excitatory (encouraging the neuron to fire) or inhibitory (discouraging it from firing). The neurons get the signals to decide whether they fire other signals or not.

3- If the amount of signal reaches a certain point the neuron decides to fire another signal for the next neuron.

4- When it decides to fire the signal, the neuron generates an electrical signal known as an action potential. This is an all-or-nothing event, meaning the neuron will either fire or not.

5- The signal travels down the axon.

6-At the end of the axon, there are terminal branches with synaptic. The synapses are what connect with the dendrites of the receiving neuron. When the action potential reaches a synaptic, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters from small sacs called vesicles.

7-Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that cross the synapse to reach the dendrites of the other neuron.

8-The neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the dendrites of the receiving neuron.

9- The receiving neuron goes through the same process

(Sending and Receiving Messages, n.d.)

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Risks Teenager Undergo when using Social Media

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Risks Teenager Undergo when using Social Media

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There are several risks teenagers are exposed to when using social media, some of them are:

Cyberbullying: As teenager' brains are more sensitive and emotional, therefore, cyberbullying causes more damage to their mental health as emotional regulation develops.

Addiction: The reward system is activated in social media, and when engagement happens the brain realizes dopamine, resulting in pleasure. However, as this pleasure comes from system one which doesn't require any effort to few good it makes our body addicted.

Self-Estime issues: Social media often take kids to compare themself with friends or famous people which leads to self-esteem problems, developing anxiety and depression.

Information overload and cognitive bias: In the tech world were are all subjected to overload of information. However, as kids are not fully developed and analytics functions are evolving, fake news becomes truer. Also, when human brains are forming information you receive is creating your identity and opinion, and being exposed to one point perspective on social media might develop someone with a closed mind and cognitive bias. Having cognitive bias at such a young age might compromise the person's ability to learn new things.

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As years pass kids are having contact with technology at a really young age, and to prevent social media from having negative effects changes have to be made. One possible solution is, for parents to create their kid's social media identity so that kids won't be flooded with information that might harm their psychological health and will be able to entertain themself. Thus, is a method that could be applied but doesn't solve target advertisement for example. In conclusion, kids should be always supervised when in contact with social media as it can be really harmful because their brain is not fully developed leading to impulse and irrational decision-making.

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The nervous system controls our body's movements, both conscious and unconscious. It starts with the brain, which sends signals through the spinal cord to the nerves. Nerves are made up of neuron cells, which generate electrical signals called neurotransmitters. One common neurotransmitter is dopamine, responsible for pleasure, motivation, and reward.

The reward system operates in two ways:

Work-full Reward: This requires effort and commitment, often associated with long-term goals in sports, personal life, or business.

Easy Reward: Achieved quickly and easily through simple actions, making it prone to addiction. Social media falls into this category.

Social media initially releases high levels of dopamine, but with frequent use, your body becomes desensitized. It triggers the reward system in your brain, releasing dopamine for content you relate to. However, it can also shape your perspective, leading to cognitive bias, especially when algorithms show content from a single perspective. This can result in a lack of exposure to diverse viewpoints and lead to conflict when others disagree. Moreover, social media exposes young individuals with undeveloped prefrontal cortexes are particularly vulnerable to targeted advertising, which can cause them to overreact when faced with opposing opinions.