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The stages of typical literacy development

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The stages of typical literacy development

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Emergent Literacy
From birth through about age six, children begin laying the foundation for reading. They start to realize that print has meaning, notice letters and familiar words, and begin connecting spoken language with written symbols.

Alphabetic Fluency
Between ages five and eight, children start learning how to “crack the code” of reading. They connect letters with their sounds, develop phonemic awareness (hearing and working with sounds in words), and begin sounding out simple words.

Words and Patterns
By ages seven to nine, students become more fluent readers. They start to recognize word families, spelling patterns, and syllables, moving beyond letter-by-letter decoding to reading more smoothly and accurately.

Intermediate Reading
From about nine to fifteen, readers shift toward deeper comprehension. They read to understand meaning, build a wider vocabulary, and begin thinking critically about what they read.

Advanced Reading
In this stage, readers are able to tackle complex texts independently. They can analyze different perspectives, make connections, and synthesize ideas from multiple sources.

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The importance of educators understanding literacy development.

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The importance of educators understanding literacy development.

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"Early literacy sets the stage for lifelong learning. It instills a love for reading and learning and creates a positive attitude toward education. Children who develop early literacy skills are more likely to become lifelong learners, continuously seeking knowledge and engaging in intellectual pursuits" (Voyager Sopris Learning, 2025). Understanding the stages of literacy development allows educators to provide intentional support in several key ways:

Targeted Instruction
When we understand where each child is in their literacy development, we can provide the right kind of support at the right time.

Differentiated Learning
Every child learns differently. Knowing the stages of literacy helps us adjust lessons and materials to meet students where they are.

Early Intervention
Spotting struggles early means we can step in quickly and provide support before small challenges turn into bigger obstacles.

Supportive Environment
By understanding how literacy skills develop over time, we can create classrooms where children feel safe trying new things and making mistakes.

Maximizing Growth
Having a clear picture of literacy progression allows us to guide students step by step, helping them grow into confident, capable readers and writers.

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How English Language Learning Affects Literacy Development

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How English Language Learning Affects Literacy Development

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For children learning English as an additional language, literacy development can look different from their native English-speaking peers. Many are building skills in two languages at once, which brings both unique strengths and certain challenges. Oral language is especially important, and English learners often need extra time to develop vocabulary and comprehension, which can influence their reading and writing progress. Differences in sounds or writing systems between languages may also make decoding and understanding print concepts more difficult in the beginning. At the same time, skills from a child’s first language, such as recognizing story structures or understanding how print works, can transfer and positively support English literacy development. As Gillon (2023) notes, “Phonological awareness (or a child's conscious awareness of the sound structure of a spoken word) is critically important to both reading and spelling acquisition. ELL benefit from explicit teaching instruction in phonological awareness, as well as phonics instruction, vocabulary, reading comprehension, oral reading fluency, and writing interventions.

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How English Language Learning Affects Literacy Development

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Dyslexia and How It Affects Literacy Development

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Dyslexia and How It Affects Literacy Development

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Dyslexia is a learning difference that mainly affects reading and spelling, and it’s not related to intelligence. Kids with dyslexia are often just as smart as their peers. The main challenge is processing the sounds in language, which makes decoding words, recognizing sight words, and spelling more difficult.

Because of this, reading can be slower and more effortful, and it may be harder for children to focus on understanding what they read. Spelling and writing can also be tricky, and putting thoughts on paper may take extra time. Even though comprehension skills are often strong, all the extra work on decoding can make reading feel tiring or frustrating.

With early support and strategies like systematic phonics, multisensory teaching, repeated reading, and tools like audiobooks, kids with dyslexia can become confident, capable readers and writers.

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“The most common characteristics of children with ADHD include inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. When it comes to learning to read, children with ADHD do encounter these challenges, which can lead to difficulty paying attention to text or difficulty staying on task, especially in a large group setting. Learning to read can be a daunting task for any child, but it can be incredibly challenging for a child with ADHD. These students can be easily distracted, overwhelmed, struggle to focus, or have difficulty when it comes to processing information in text. Children with ADHD often struggle to understand multi-step directions or complete a variety of lengthy tasks. They often lack control over their emotions, actions, behaviors, and thoughts. The challenges of reading can be exhausting for a child diagnosed with ADHD; however, some effective strategies and interventions can be implemented in any learning environment to help” (Starke,2023).

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Literacy Intervention and Remediation for Atypical Literacy Development

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Literacy Intervention and Remediation for Atypical Literacy Development

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Literacy intervention and remediation are targeted supports designed to help students who are not developing reading and writing skills at the expected pace. For children with atypical literacy development, such as those with dyslexia, ADHD, or speech/language impairments. These interventions provide focused instruction to address specific challenges and build essential skills. Interventions often include explicit instruction in phonics, phonological awareness, vocabulary, reading comprehension, and writing strategies. They may also incorporate multisensory approaches, guided practice, and repeated exposure to help students strengthen weak areas. Remediation is typically small-group or one-on-one, allowing teachers to closely monitor progress and adjust instruction as needed. These supports help students catch up to grade-level expectations, build confidence, and develop the foundational skills necessary for independent reading and writing. By providing individualized, evidence-based instruction, educators can ensure that students with atypical literacy development are not left behind and can become successful, confident readers and writers.

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Literacy Intervention and Remediation for Atypical Literacy Development