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Mesopotamia

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Indus Valley

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Mayan

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egyptian civilisation

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Roman

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Ancient Greek civilization

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It is recognised as the cradle of some of the world's earliest civilizations. The Sumerians and Akkadians, each originating from different areas, dominated Mesopotamia from the beginning of recorded history ( c. 3100 BC) to the fall of Babylon in 539 BC.

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Ancient China

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Predynastic Period (before 3100 BCE) to the end of the Roman Period (395 CE)

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The time period of Roman civilization is generally considered from the traditional founding of Rome in 753

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The word “mesopotamia” is formed from the ancient words “meso,” meaning between or in the middle of, and “potamos,” meaning river. Situated in the fertile valleys between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the region is now home to modern-day Iraq, Kuwait, Turkey and Syria.30 Nov 2017

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Ancient Egypt was located in Northeastern Africa and had four clear geographic zones: the Delta, the Western Desert, the Eastern Desert, and the Nile Valley. Each of these zones had its own natural environment and its own role within the Egyptian State.

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Ancient Greek agriculture focused on staples like barley, wheat, olives, and grapes, utilizing techniques such as crop rotation, terracing, and polyculture to adapt to their Mediterranean climate and hilly terrain. Key tools included sickles, mattocks, and primitive plows, with oxen assisting on larger farms. Livestock like sheep, goats, and pigs were also raised for meat, milk, and wool, with farmers relying on family labor, sometimes supplemented by slaves on larger estates

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Significant cultural and technological contributions were made by the ancient Mesopotamians: The Sumerians were the first to create the wheel. The Sumerians were the first to divide time and days into hours and minutes, day and night. The Babylonian Code of Hammurabi was the first recorded civil and criminal law code.

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Roman civilization originated on the Italian

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Polytheistic religious beliefs have original ideas about death and the afterlife. With the idea of thankfulness connected to the Cult of Hathor, ancient Egyptians celebrated life. The several groups that made up society were separated, with the upper ones enjoying the normal benefits.

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The culture of Ancient Greek civilization was a complex, humanistic system that prioritized reason, individualism, and civic participation, profoundly influencing Western culture through contributions to philosophy, mathematics, democracy, science, and the arts. Central to Greek life were their polytheistic religion with a humanistic pantheon, sophisticated architecture and sculpture, advanced literature and theater, and the city-state (polis) as a political and social unit.

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from the Neolithic period (around 6,000–1750 BCE) to the fall of the Han Dynasty in 220 CE

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The Indus Valley Civilization existed from approximately 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE, with its most prominent phase, the Mature Harappan period, flourishing between 2600 BCE and 1900 BCE. The civilization's overall span can be divided into three main phases: the Early Harappan (c. 3300–2600BCE), the Mature Harappan (c. 2600–1900 BCE), and the Late Harappan (c. 1900–1300 BCE.

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The culture of Ancient Greek civilization was a complex, humanistic system that prioritized reason, individualism, and civic participation, profoundly influencing Western culture through contributions to philosophy, mathematics, democracy, science, and the arts. Central to Greek life were their polytheistic religion with a humanistic pantheon, sophisticated architecture and sculpture, advanced literature and theater, and the city-state (polis) as a political and social unit.

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Mesopotamia is a great cereal producer. Most important were barley(Sumerian ŠE/ Akkadian še'u(m)), because it was the best adapted to the dry, saline soil and to the hot temperatures of the region, while its short growing cycle meant it could reach maturity even in particularly hot, dry years.

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Their farming practices allowed them to grow staple food crops, especially grains such as wheat and barley, and industrial crops, such as flax and papyrus. They excelled in horticulture. Orchards and gardens were developed in addition to field planting in the floodplains.

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East Asia, primarily along the fertile valleys of the Yellow River (Huang He) to the north and the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) to the south.

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The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilization, was located in the northwestern regions of South

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Maya civilization occupied much of the northwestern part of the isthmus of Central America, from Chiapas and Yucatán, now part of southern Mexico, through Guatemala, Honduras, Belize, and El Salvador and into Nicaragua.

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Greek civilization began around the Aegean Sea in southeastern Europe, encompassing the modern country of Greece, its islands, and the western coast of modern-day Turkey. Through colonization, the civilization spread extensively, establishing settlements throughout the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts, southern Italy, Sicily, and even as far east as India during the empire of Alexander the Great.

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The Indus Valley Civilization culture was characterized by sophisticated urban planning, including grid-patterned streets and advanced drainage systems, and a high standard of living. They were skilled in metallurgy

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Roman civilisation originated in Italy

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Ancient China's agricultural practices involved cultivating staple crops like rice, millet, wheat, and soybeans using simple tools such as the plow and spade, and advanced irrigation systems for watering crops and managing land.

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Ancient Greek civilization is a broad term for a complex period, but it generally spans from the end of the Bronze Age (around 1200 BCE) to the beginning of Roman rule (146 BCE). This period includes the Greek Dark Ages (c. 1100–800 BCE), the Archaic period (c. 800–490 BCE), the Classical period (c. 490–323 BCE), and the Hellenistic period (323–146 BCE), each marked by distinct cultural, political, and artistic developments that profoundly influenced Western civilization.

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Indus Valley farmers cultivated wheat, barley, and cotton using advanced irrigation via canals and wells, enabling year-round cultivation and crop surpluses. They also practiced multi-cropping by growing summer crops like rice and millet,

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Ancient Greek civilization is a broad term for a complex period, but it generally spans from the end of the Bronze Age (around 1200 BCE) to the beginning of Roman rule (146 BCE). This period includes the Greek Dark Ages (c. 1100–800 BCE), the Archaic period (c. 800–490 BCE), the Classical period (c. 490–323 BCE), and the Hellenistic period (323–146 BCE), each marked by distinct cultural, political, and artistic developments that profoundly influenced Western civilization.

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The culture of ancient China was shaped by major philosophical systems like Confucianism, which emphasized social harmony and filial piety, and Daoism, which promoted living in tune with nature

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the Colosseum.

Key Aspects of Roman Culture

Family Life: The paterfamilias (head of the household) held significant authority over his family, which formed the foundation of Roman society.

Religion: Romans practiced rituals to honor the gods, with Jupiter, Mars, Juno, and Minerva being particularly important. Religion was closely tied to politics, and public festivals were common.

Social Life: Daily life involved social activities like attending public baths (thermae), which were important centers for socializing. Romans also enjoyed lavish dinner parties (convivia).

Entertainment: Public entertainment included gladiator contests (munera), chariot races (ludi circenses), and theatrical performances.

Clothing: Clothing denoted social status; men wore togas, while women wore stolas and pallae.

Engineering and Architecture: The Romans were masterful engineers, constructing aqueducts, roads, and iconic structures like the Colosseum and the Pantheon, which demonstrate their engineering prowess and Greek architectural influences.

Influence and Adaptations

Greek Influence: Roman culture was heavily influenced by Greek art, literature, philosophy, and architecture, which the Romans adopted and adapted.

Etruscan Influence: Earlier Etruscan practices also contributed to Roman social customs and festivals.

Legacies: Roman culture left a lasting impact on the modern world through its innovations in engineering, law, literature, and architecture.

Daily Life

Mornings: The day began with a light breakfast, followed by work. Children attended school, learning reading, writing, and rhetoric.

Afternoons: Many Romans visited public baths to relax and socialize.

Evenings: The day's main meal (cena) was eaten in the late afternoon or early evening.

Festivals: A calendar filled with festivals, such as the Saturnalia, provided occasions for celebration and community bonding.

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Definition: Milpa is a traditional agricultural system used by the Maya, which involves growing several crops simultaneously in a small plot of land. 1. Milpa farming allowed the Maya to maximize their resources, as multiple crops could be grown in the same plot of land.

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Roman agriculture involved crop rotation, the use of tools like the ard and sickles, organic fertilizers, and water management systems like irrigation and cisterns. They cultivated staple crops such as grains, grapes, and olives, using draft animals like oxen and donkeys for plowing. Large agricultural estates often relied on slave labor, and the empire also managed a vast grain supply through a welfare system called the Annona.

Key Elements of Roman Agriculture

Crop Rotation:Farmers rotated crops and allowed land to lie fallow to maintain soil fertility and control weeds.

Tools and Technology:

Ard (plow): A simple wooden plow with an iron tip, pulled by draft animals, was used to turn soil.

Hand Tools: Shovels, hoes, and mattocks were used for digging.

Seed Drills and Threshers: More advanced machinery was used for planting and processing grain.

Fertilization:Manure and compost were used to enrich the soil, and legumes were sometimes planted as a form of natural fertilizer.

Water Management:

Irrigation: Farmers built canals and ditches to bring water to fields.

Cisterns: These water storage structures were used to manage water resources, especially in dry regions.

Land Management:Arable land was either irrigated or drained, with terracing used on hilly terrain.

Livestock:Oxen were used for plowing, while cows, sheep, and goats provided milk and cheese.

Crops and Diet

Grains:Wheat, barley, and spelt were cultivated for bread.

Grapes and Olives:Essential for wine and olive oil, which were staples of the Roman diet.

Other Crops:Fruits like apples, pears, dates, and melons, as well as various vegetables, were grown.

Labor and Scale

Farm Types:Agriculture consisted of both small family farms and large estates (latifundia).

Slaves:Wealthy landowners used large numbers of slaves for field labor.

Grain Supply and Distribution

Annona:A state welfare system that provided free grain to Roman citizens, requiring a steady supply of grain.

Imports:The empire relied on grain imports from across its territories, with the port of Ostia serving as a crucial hub.