# data[].attributes.body
I was writing from The HRW ( The Human Rights Watch ). My magazine was intended to raise awareness and according to the data I have collected from my tests I believe I have succeeded.

However there are lots of improvements my magazine could have. On scribbus I have let my text have gaps in the middle of some paragraphs causing disorder and a weird visual.

This was not gone unnoticed as my classmates have made it very clear that the only main issue with my magazine is the text.

If i could redo my magazine I would have paid more attention to the text. I believe this problem had something to do with scribbus however it is my own fault for not noticing this mistake and correcting it. Next time I will be more aware with my magazines/products in the future.

# data[].attributes.body
United Nations also known as the "UN" is an international organization founded in 1945 after World War II. Its purpose is to promote international cooperation, maintain peace and security

# data[].attributes.headline
Where, When, Why, how are some people not having their Human Rights respected.

# data[].attributes.subject
Where, When, Why, how are some people not having their Human Rights respected.

# data[].attributes.body
North Korea is one of the most repressive countries in the world. The 2014 UN Commission of Inquiry report stated that North Korea committed multiple Human Rights violations.

North Korea keeps a fearful obedience through punishments, torture, executions, unjust imprisonment and forced labor. Sexual and domestic violence against women and girls is normalized. Basic freedoms including expression, assembly, and access to information are severely restricted. North Korea has been in this state since its founding.

North Korea's first leader Kim Il-sung developed the Juche ideology, emphasizing self-reliance, independence, and national identity. This ideology has been the central to the country's political and social structure.

Nearly 1,400 North Koreans were publicly executed between 2000 and 2013, according to new research, which suggests that the number of these deaths peaked at 160 in 2009. Further increases after 2013 have also been reported.

https://www.theguardian.com/law/2015/jul/06/north-korea-public-executions

# data[].attributes.body
Who gets to pick?

Who enforces those Human Rights?

Human rights are rights inherited to all humans regardless of their sex, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status.

Human Rights are Human Rights they are simply granted to us because we exist. They are not granted by any state, these universal rights are inherent to us all.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948. It was the first legal document to set out the fundamental human rights to be protected.

# data[].attributes.headline
What power can my design skills give me? Can design be a type of activism

# data[].attributes.subject
What power can my design skills give me? Can design be a type of activism

# data[].attributes.body
Designing naturally sharpens your skills. It can influence strategic thinking, creative influence, and can even affect others. Designing can lead to positive changes and impacts by conveying a message.

# data[].attributes.headline
How can a magazine inspire someone to take action

# data[].attributes.subject
How can a magazine inspire someone to take action

# data[].attributes.body
Printed magazines are often perceived as more credible and trustworthy than digital sources. Because of this people believe in the credibility of the magazine. Magazines can inspire people in different ways, for example, inspiring a new hobby, inspiring to help someone, ect.

# data[].attributes.headline
Identify 3 organisations that promote awareness for the human rights

# data[].attributes.subject
Identify 3 organisations that promote awareness for the human rights

# data[].attributes.body
The UN ( United Nations ):

The United Nations is the global intergovernmental organization established by the signing of the UN Charter on 26 of June 1945 with the articulated mission of maintaining international peace and security.

Amnesty International:

Amnesty International is an non-governmental organization set on human rights, with its headquarters in the United Kingdom. The organization says that it has more than ten million members and supporters around the world.

Civil Rights Defenders:

Civil Rights Defenders is an non-governmental organization in Stockholm, Sweden, that does human rights work with focus on civil and political rights.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2025/country-chapters/north-korea

https://libertyinnorthkorea.org/blog/north-korea-history

https://www.fundsforngos.org/featured-articles/worlds-top-ten-human-rights-organisations/

https://www.ohchr.org/en/what-are-human-rights

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
history of North Korea, a survey of important events and people in the history of North Korea since the Korean War. For a discussion of the earlier history of the peninsula, see Korea.

The Kim Il-Sung era

In 1948, when the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was established, Kim Il-Sung became the first premier of the North Korean communist regime. In 1949 he became chairman of the Korean Workers' Party (KWP), created from communist parties founded earlier. Until his death in 1994, Kim ruled the country with an iron hand by promoting a personality cult centred on himself as the "Great Leader" of the Korean people.

The 1950s and '60s

In the aftermath of the Korean War, Kim purged the so-called "domestic faction"-an indigenous communist group that had remained in Korea during the colonial period-amid much scapegoating for the disastrous war. After 1956, as the Sino-Soviet conflict intensified, Kim shifted his positions vis-à-vis Moscow and Beijing no fewer than three times: from pro-Soviet to neutral, to pro-Chinese, and finally to independent. During 1956-58, he carried out a purge against the pro-Chinese group known as the Yenan faction and eliminated a pro-Soviet faction from the KWP Central Committee.

In 1966, after a visit to P'yŏngyang by Soviet Premier Aleksey N. Kosygin, Kim announced what became known as the independent party line in North Korea, which stressed the principles of "complete equality, sovereignty, mutual respect, and noninterference among the communist and workers' parties." From this party line, KWP theoreticians developed four self-reliance ( juche) principles: "autonomy in ideology, independence in politics, self-sufficiency in economy, and self-reliance in defense."

In the late 1960s the regime implemented a program for strengthening the armed forces. As part of the effort to fortify the entire country, more military airfields were constructed and large underground aircraft hangars were built. In addition, a large standing army and a strong militia were maintained.

North Korea's emphasis on strengthening its military forces proceeded hand in hand with its continued focus on the development of a self-reliant economy. With aid from the Soviet Union, China, and the countries of eastern Europe, North Korea implemented a series of economic development plans and made significant gains. But as external aid declined sharply-first from the Soviet Union beginning in the late 1950s and then from China at the start of the Cultural Revolution in the mid-1960s-the seven-year plan of 1961-67 was seriously affected, as indicated by the extension of the plan for another three years.
Bae-ho Hahn Young Ick Lew

From 1970 to the death of Kim Il-Sung

Domestic developments

Two subsequent plans, a six-year plan (1971-76, extended to 1977) and a seven-year plan (1978-84), also failed to achieve their stated goals. While the country's economic growth was hampered by the decline in foreign aid and its heavy expenditures on defense, the continued priority assigned to heavy industry created a severe shortage of daily commodities and lowered living standards. Food shortages were aggravated, in part because of an almost threefold increase in population from 1953 to 1993.

When the 1972 constitution was adopted, the premiership was changed to a presidency, which Kim Il-Sung assumed; Kim also retained his post as the chairman (renamed the secretary-general) of the KWP. In 1980 the KWP held its first party congress in a decade. During the proceedings, Kim revealed his dynastic ambition by appointing his son, Kim Jong Il, to three powerful party posts, thus making the younger Kim his heir apparent. The younger Kim consolidated his power and gradually assumed increasing control over the day-to-day administration of the government until his father's death in July 1994.

International relations

North Korea remained one of the most isolated and inaccessible countries in the international community, with severe restrictions on travel into or out of the country, a totally controlled press, and an ideology of self-reliance. In the 1970s and '80s the North Korean government maintained its balanced diplomatic position between the country's only two significant allies, China and the Soviet Union, while sustaining a hostile attitude toward the United States. The collapse of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the subsequent dissolution of the U.S.S.R. in the early 1990s left China as North Korea's sole major ally. Even China, however, could no longer be relied upon fully, as it cultivated friendly relations with South Korea that culminated when the two established full diplomatic ties in August 1992.

When it became clear that North Korea could not count on its traditional allies to block South Korean membership in the United Nations (UN), it retreated from its long-standing position of insisting on a single, joint Korean seat. Both North Korea and South Korea were admitted to the UN on September 17, 1991, as "separate and equal" members. Diplomatic breakthroughs between North and South created more cordial feelings between the two countries, but these quickly dissipated when suspicion grew that North Korea planned to build nuclear weapons.

Relations with the South

During the late 1960s North Korea had significantly escalated its subversion and infiltration activities against South Korea-from about 50 incidents in 1966 to more than 500 in 1967. One of its most brazen acts occurred on January 21, 1968, when a group of 21 North Korean commandos managed to reach within a few hundred yards of the South Korean presidential palace in Seoul in an attempt to kill Pres. Park Chung-Hee. Two days later the North Korean navy forcibly seized a U.S. intelligence ship, the USS Pueblo, and its crew off North Korea's east coast and held the crew hostage for nearly a year. In April 1969 North Korea shot down a U.S. reconnaissance plane in the international airspace over the east coast of the peninsula. North Korea's armed provocations continued into the early 1970s, marking the period of highest military tension on the peninsula since the end of the Korean War.

The two Koreas subsequently decided to engage in a dialogue amid the new U.S policy of détente, or relaxation of tensions, toward the Soviet Union and China, North Korea's two major allies. The North called off its armed provocations, and talks between the North and South began at P'anmunjŏm in the demilitarized zone in September 1971. High-level discussions began in early 1972, culminating in a historic joint communiqué in July, in which both sides agreed on three principles of reunification: that it be (1) peaceful, (2) without foreign influences, and (3) based on national unity. High-level discussions continued until August 1973, when they were unilaterally suspended by the North.

As the Vietnam War wound down and U.S. policies and public opinion became more focused on domestic issues, North Korea probed in vain for a chance to, in its view, "liberate" the South by means of a quick military strike. Meanwhile, South Korea tried to forestall a possible withdrawal of U.S. troops from Korea. In addition, human rights in South Korea became a thorny issue between the two allies. These trends together served to worsen U.S.-South Korean relations as well as inter-Korean relations until the early 1980s. South Korea's President Park was assassinated on October 26, 1979, and in 1980 Gen. Chun Doo Hwan seized power in South Korea. Meanwhile, the strongly anticommunist Ronald Reagan was elected president in the United States, ushering in closer U.S.-South Korean ties and cooler U.S.-North Korean relations.

In the early 1980s North Korea's policy toward the South alternated, often bewilderingly, between peace overtures and provocation. In October 1980 Kim Il-Sung unveiled a proposal for the creation of a confederate republic, the Koryŏ Confederation, through a loose merger of the two Koreas, based on equal representation. Later in the decade, however, the North engineered two major terrorist incidents against the South: the first was a bombing assassination attempt against President Chun in Rangoon, Burma (now Yangon, Myanmar), on October 9, 1983, that killed 17 members of the presidential delegation; and the second was the destruction by time bomb of a South Korean airliner over the Indian Ocean on November 29, 1987, killing all 115 people on board. Subsequently the U.S. government placed North Korea on its list of state sponsors of terrorism. North Korea was not removed from the list until October 2008.

Because of North Korea's provocations, there was no official contact between the two Koreas in the 1980s, although there were some unofficial talks and contacts between their Red Cross societies. North-South relations reached a milestone in 1991 with the simultaneous admission of the two countries to the UN in September and a series of prime ministerial talks that produced two agreements in December: one that pledged nonaggression, reconciliation, exchanges, and cooperation and a joint declaration on the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula. The agreements went into effect in February 1992. However, little came of them, especially after North Korea became embroiled in the controversy over its nuclear program and as it suspended all contacts with South Korea in early 1993.
Young Ick Lew Jung Ha Lee

North Korea under Kim Jong Il

Domestic priorities and international cooperation

Kim Il-Sung died on July 8, 1994, and his son Kim Jong Il succeeded him. However, he did not assume the posts of secretary-general of the KWP or president of North Korea. Instead, he consolidated his power over several years. In 1997 he officially became head of the KWP, and in 1998 the post of president was written out of North Korea's constitution-Kim Il-Sung was given the posthumous title "eternal president"-and Kim Jong Il was reelected chairman of the National Defense Commission, which became the country's highest office. (A further revision of the constitution in April 2009 added the title "supreme leader" to the description of Kim Jong Il's position.) His regime adopted the basic guideline of "military first politics" ( sŏngun chŏngch'i) to safeguard it from any unforeseen adverse impact resulting from such events as the collapse of the Soviet Union and eastern European communist regimes in the late 1980s and early 1990s and the persistent economic hardships at home.

The death of Kim Il-Sung had come at a critical time for North Korea. The country had been locked in a dispute over nuclear issues with the United States and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), which had been denied access by the North Koreans to an experimental facility at Yŏngbyŏn, where it was suspected that North Korea was diverting plutonium to build nuclear weapons. In the summer of 1994 the North had been preoccupied with the transfer of power to Kim Jong Il; however, by October the United States and North Korea had signed a nuclear accord (the "Agreed Framework"). Under the terms of this agreement, the North renounced efforts to develop nuclear weapons and pledged to abide by the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (Non-proliferation Treaty; NPT), in exchange for which the United States arranged for the financing and construction of two light-water reactors (LWRs) capable of producing electric power. The agreement restored hope for North-South reconciliation and a peaceful reunification of the divided peninsula.

The United States, South Korea, and Japan formed an international consortium known as the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) for the construction of the LWRs in North Korea; South Korea was the main contractor. More than two dozen countries eventually signed onto the project, supplying material and financial help, and construction work progressed slowly but steadily for a time.

Nuclear ambitions

In late August 1998 North Korea fired a multistage, long-range missile eastward over Japanese airspace. This new missile capability caused shock worldwide and precipitated a major global controversy. In addition, suspected underground nuclear facilities were discovered near the sites whose activities were to have been frozen under the terms of the Agreed Framework.

It was reported in 2002 that North Korea was pursuing work toward producing highly enriched uranium, which could then be used to make nuclear weapons. In December of that year North Korea expelled IAEA inspectors from the facility at Yŏngbyŏn. In January 2003 North Korea withdrew from the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, and nuclear research operations openly resumed at Yŏngbyŏn. Multiparty talks were initiated to resolve the various nuclear issues and ultimately came to involve the United States, North and South Korea, Russia, China, and Japan. These Six-Party Talks, as they were termed, ended in 2004 without reaching a resolution. In 2005 North Korea claimed to have nuclear weapons capability, although it was unknown whether the claim was true. After having suspended the LWR project for several years, KEDO withdrew its workers from North Korea in January 2006, and in May the organization decided to terminate the project. In October a seismic event was detected at Kilju, North Hamgyŏng province, and North Korea announced that it had carried out an underground test of a nuclear weapon. The country conducted another, more powerful underground nuclear test in May 2009, again near Kilju.
Jung Ha Lee

Internal challenges and international relations

Throughout the 1990s North Korea suffered severe food shortages that caused widespread starvation. In efforts to help North Korea cope with this crisis, South Korea, Japan, the United States, and international relief agencies (including the UN World Food Programme), provided emergency food and medical assistance. The North Korean government's response inside the country included officially promoting what it called the "arduous march" (also termed the "meal-skipping campaign"). Despite these measures, hundreds of thousands of North Koreans died of starvation in the latter half of the 1990s, and a UN study found that life expectancy had decreased substantially and infant mortality had increased dramatically. The country's economic situation began improving in the early 21st century, in part because of North Korea's own efforts to accommodate certain aspects of market economics, including more open trading policies. In late 2009, however, the economy was thrown temporarily into chaos when a government currency-reform program reduced the won to 1 percent of its former value while limiting individuals to exchanging only a small amount of the old currency for the new. The revaluation-which was aimed in part at curbing private market activity-led to inflation, a food crisis, and public protests as many citizens saw their savings vanish. The government subsequently acknowledged the shortcomings of the reform program, and the official identified as being responsible for its implementation was executed in March 2010.

After Kim Jong Il's consolidation of power under the 1998 constitution, his regime began to pursue formal diplomatic relations with many countries, including those of western Europe. By early 2001 North Korea had established relations with most of the West, amid a friendlier climate created by the improving inter-Korean relations. The United States, South Korea, and Japan also had reasons for keeping diplomatic channels open with North Korea, such as maintaining peace and seeking improvements in the country's human rights situation. Despite its successes with other countries, however, North Korea did not make any substantive progress in its diplomatic talks with Japan and the United States, even after years of direct contact.

Relations with the United States in particular reached a low point in January 2002, when U.S. Pres. George W. Bush named North Korea, with Iran and Iraq, as part of an "axis of evil" of countries that were pursuing the development of weapons of mass destruction. Tensions remained high for several years. Multiparty talks in 2008 resulted in the U.S. government's removal of North Korea from its list of state sponsors of terrorism in October, as North Korea took certain previously agreed-upon steps in connection with the pending nuclear issues.

In contrast to the hopeful beginning of the 21st century, however, the ensuing years saw the erosion of the gains that had been made in international cooperation. The joint ventures established under the "sunshine policy" after 2000 were suspended by the North within a few years. North Korea's launch of several rockets in 2009-which the international community generally suspected were tests of ballistic missiles-were considered by many observers to be diplomatically provocative acts.

Relations with the South

After the death of Kim Il-Sung and through the early years of the Kim Jong Il regime, the situation between North and South remained fairly static, although the countries participated in multiparty negotiations on nuclear issues and South Korea supplied aid to the North. Hopes were high at the turn of the 21st century that the issues dividing the two Koreas might soon be resolved. As part of his policy of reconciliation with the North, which he termed the "sunshine policy," South Korean Pres. Kim Dae-Jung visited North Korea in June 2000-the first time any Korean head of state had traveled to the other side-and the two leaders worked out a five-point joint declaration that specified steps to be taken toward the ultimate goal of national unification. A select number of North and South Koreans were permitted to attend cross-border family reunions. Later that year, at the Summer Olympic Games in Sydney, North and South Korean athletes marched together (though they competed as separate teams) under a single flag showing a silhouette of the Korean peninsula. (The countries also made a joint appearance-with separate teams-at the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens but failed to reach an agreement to do likewise at Beijing in 2008.) Kim Jong Il's government reestablished diplomatic relations with several Western countries and pledged to continue its moratorium on missile testing.

Efforts to restore a North-South dialogue continued. In May 2007 trains from both the North and the South crossed the demilitarized zone to the other side, the first such travel since the Korean War. Later, in October, the two Koreas held a second summit, in which Roh Moo Hyun, the South Korean president, traveled to P'yŏngyang to meet with Kim Jong Il.
Jung Ha Lee
The December 2007 election of Lee Myung-Bak as South Korean president began another period of coolness in inter-Korean relations as Lee took a more hard-line position toward P'yŏngyang. Tensions increased when the North Korean government announced in January 2009 that it was nullifying all military and political agreements with South Korea. In May of that year it announced the cancellation of all business contracts with South Korea that pertained to the joint-venture Kaesŏng Industrial Complex, although, in practice, little changed there. In March 2010 a South Korean warship, the Ch'ŏnan ( Cheonan), exploded and sank in the waters of the Yellow Sea near Paengnyŏng (Baengnyeong) Island, close to the maritime border with North Korea. An international team of investigators concluded in May that the explosion had been caused by a torpedo fired from a North Korean submarine. South Korea soon ended all trade relations with its northern neighbour and declared its intention to resume propaganda broadcasts along the border. The North Korean government, denying responsibility for the attack, severed all ties with South Korea.

Relations between the two countries continued to be mixed. A cross-border reunion for hundreds of North and South Korean family members took place in late October 2010. However, one month later, as South Korea was conducting a military exercise off the country's northwestern coast, North Korean artillery shells bombarded the South Korean border island of Yŏnp'yŏng (Yeonpyeong), which also has been the scene of offshore naval skirmishes in 1999 and 2002. The shells hit a military base and civilian homes, and there were several casualties. South Korean forces returned fire and raised the level of military preparedness on the island. The incident was considered one of the most serious episodes of belligerence between North and South in years.

The rise and rule of Kim Jong-Un

Coinciding with the missile launches and nuclear test in 2009, Kim Jong Il's youngest son, Kim Jong-Un (Kim Jong-Eun), began to be mentioned as his possible successor, a status that was solidified over the following two years. After the death of his father in December 2011, Kim Jong-Un was declared North Korea's "supreme leader," continuing the Kim dynasty into a third generation.

Kim Jong-Un's consolidation of power

Kim Jong-Un affected a friendlier public demeanour than his father had, drawing comparisons to his grandfather, the "eternal president" Kim Il-Sung, but hopes that the youngest Kim would forge a new direction for the country were soon dashed. He quickly moved to solidify his position, executing those who challenged his rule and demoting officials who had accrued influence under his father. In April 2012 Kim was named chairman of the party's Central Military Commission, a title formerly held by his father, as well as first chairman of the National Defense Commission, the country's highest administrative authority.

Photographs of Kim's uncle Jang Song-Thaek standing directly behind Kim Jong-Un in Kim Jong Il's funeral cortege led many in China and the West to conclude that Jang would exert significant influence within the new regime. Jang had played a central role in the regime transition after the death of Kim Il-Sung and oversaw the brutal response to an abortive coup by the VI Army Corps in 1995. At one time, Jang had been seen as a possible successor to Kim Jong Il, and international observers believed that he would promote reform within the North Korean government. Those assumptions proved to be flawed. Jang was branded a traitor, and he and his entire inner circle were purged and executed in late 2013. Some of the executions were reportedly carried out with antiaircraft machine guns, and Jang's name and image were erased from official party communications.

The succession brought great uncertainty to the region and the world. North Korea once again instituted dramatic escalations of its rhetoric against the United States and South Korea, including verbal threats of missile attacks against both countries. In April 2013 North Korea shut down the joint industrial zone in Kaesŏng, though it was reopened some four months later. It was shut down again in February 2016 by the South Korean side, seemingly for good, and workers from both countries were recalled home.

Acceleration of North Korea's nuclear program

North Korean and U.S. officials met in Beijing in late February 2012 for talks that resulted in a pledge from North Korea to cease nuclear and missile testing and the enrichment of uranium at the Yŏngbyŏn nuclear facility in exchange for food aid from the United States. In mid-April, however, North Korea test-fired a rocket. Although the rocket broke up shortly after launch, the test garnered international disapproval and led to cancellation of the February agreement. Then in mid-December 2012 the country successfully launched southward over Japanese airspace a long-range rocket that placed a satellite in Earth orbit; debris from the launch fell into the sea east of the Philippines. The UN Security Council condemned the launch and called it a threat to regional security.

In February 2013 North Korea conducted its third successful underground nuclear test. The action was greeted with strong condemnation by the UN and governments around the world, and the country's major ally, China, lodged a formal diplomatic protest. The expansion of North Korea's nuclear program cast into relief the growing distance between Beijing and P'yŏngyang. Chinese Pres. Xi Jinping had expressly warned against the December 2012 missile launch, and the rejection of that advice precipitated a sharp curtailment of high-level contacts between the countries. The execution of Jang Song-Thaek, the most prominent pro-China voice in the upper echelons of North Korean politics, signaled an additional chilling of the relationship. Henceforth, any North Korean official who counseled rapprochement with Beijing risked association with the purged Jang.

While ties with China showed signs of strain, relations with South Korea remained typically uneven. Family reunions between relatives who had been separated since the Korean War took place in February 2014 in the Mount Kumgang resort area. South Korean Pres. Park Geun-Hye had suggested making the reunions a regularly scheduled event, but North Korea rejected the proposal. The following month the two countries traded artillery barrages in the Yellow Sea.

In November 2014 North Korea emerged as the prime suspect in a malicious cyberattack on Sony Pictures Entertainment. Prior to the release of The Interview, a comedic farce about a CIA plot to assassinate Kim, hackers released tens of thousands of Sony's internal e-mails and issued threats against theatres that showed the film. The North Korean government denied responsibility for the hack.

In January 2016 North Korea claimed to have conducted its first hydrogen bomb test, and the UN Security Council responded by unanimously approving a dramatic expansion of the decade-old sanctions against the regime. The first Korean Workers' Party congress in 36 years convened on May 6, 2016, and bestowed the title of party chairman on Kim. The congress of the Supreme People's Assembly revised the constitution the following month, broadening and solidifying Kim's already expansive powers. In September 2016 North Korea detonated its fifth and most powerful nuclear weapon to date, and it conducted dozens of ballistic missile tests throughout the year. Additional UN sanctions were promptly enacted, restricting trade in coal, North Korea's most significant export.

As world leaders exhorted China to use its influence to curb North Korea's nuclear ambitions, the two traditional allies seemed to be increasingly acting at cross-purposes. Kim Jong-Nam, Kim Jong Il's eldest son and Kim Jong-Un's half-brother, had lived for years under Chinese protection in Beijing and Macau. On February 13, 2017, he was assassinated in Kuala Lumpur when two women pressed a cloth doused in VX nerve agent to his face. The high-profile murder of China's most valuable North Korean political asset, presumably on orders from P'yŏngyang, could not have come at a more sensitive time. Within days, China announced that it was suspending North Korean coal imports for the remainder of the year.

In July 2017 North Korea successfully launched two intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs); the estimated range of these missiles was in excess of 5,000 miles (8,000 km). With the mainland United States now theoretically within striking distance of North Korea's nuclear arsenal, U.S. Pres. Donald Trump vowed to respond to threats from P'yŏngyang with "fire and fury like the world has never seen." The UN-acting with Chinese support-leveled new sanctions that effectively banned all of North Korea's most significant exports. Seemingly unmoved by these developments, the North Korean military issued a statement saying that it was considering a strike in the waters off Guam, a U.S. territory and the site of a major U.S. military installation.

Engagement with South Korea and the United States

North Korea continued to maintain a belligerent posture throughout 2017, but the 2018 Winter Olympic Games in P'yŏngch'ang (Pyeongchang), South Korea, offered a surprising avenue for dialogue. Athletes from both Koreas marched into the opening ceremonies together under a flag that depicted a silhouette of the Korean peninsula on a field of white. Kim's sister, Kim Yo-Jong, attended the games, thus becoming the first official representative of North Korea's ruling family to set foot in the South since the end of the Korean War. Kim Yo-Jong met with South Korean Pres. Moon Jae-In on February 10, 2018, and delivered a handwritten note from her brother that invited Moon to visit him in P'yŏngyang "at the earliest date possible." In March members of Moon's administration traveled to P'yŏngyang to meet with Kim Jong-Un for a working dinner. That event paved the way for a historic meeting between Kim and Moon at the "truce village" of P'anmunjŏm on April 27, 2018. It marked the first time in more than a decade that the leaders of the two Koreas had engaged in direct talks, and the pair discussed the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula and the conclusion of an armistice that would officially end the Korean War.

If Kim's dialogue with the South seemed like a radical departure from the norm, the shift in relations with the U.S. was an even more extreme pivot. Less than a year earlier, Kim and Trump had been exchanging insults and threatening each other with nuclear war, but by May 2018 the two had begun preparing for an unprecedented summit in Singapore. After North Korean officials characterized threatening statements from senior members of the Trump administration as "ignorant and stupid," Trump cancelled the meeting, only to reverse himself eight days later. On June 12, 2018, for the first time in history, the sitting leaders of the United States and North Korea met face-to-face. The meeting was a triumph for Kim. Not only did he engage the leader of his country's most powerful adversary as an equal, but Trump promised to end joint U.S.-South Korea military exercises-an announcement that took both Seoul and the Pentagon by surprise. Trump further stated that he wished to end the American military presence in South Korea and pledged to invite Kim to visit him at the White House at a later date.

Talks continued in February 2019, with a summit in Hanoi, Vietnam, that yielded little concrete progress. North Korean negotiators had requested the removal of some or all U.S. economic sanctions (the two sides offered differing accounts of the details) as a prerequisite to additional steps in the denuclearization process, and formal discussions collapsed shortly after they began. Nevertheless, the event was a success for Kim: once again he appeared side-by-side with Trump, an image that held enormous propaganda value for North Korea. Kim also fielded what were believed to have been his first-ever questions from foreign journalists, a novel step for the historically secretive P'yŏngyang regime. The breakdown of the Hanoi talks did not signal an end to the detente, however. On June 30, 2019, Trump met Kim in P'anmunjŏm, in the demilitarized zone between North and South Korea. During that encounter Trump briefly stepped across a concrete marker indicating the border between the two countries and became the first sitting U.S. president to set foot in North Korea.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
History of North Korea | Flag, Maps, Events, & Dates

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
History of North Korea, a survey of important events and people in the history of North Korea since the Korean War. For a discussion of the earlier history of the peninsula, see Korea.

# data[].attributes.body
The organization I want to write about is an organization called the Human Rights Watch. They are an organization that watch and document when Human Rights are being violated. They are unbiased and document real data. They are also held in a very high regard and wont be easily ignored. I believe in what they do and would love to design a magazine for them. The HRW has covered the problems in the Gaza strip extensively. The Gaza war is a conflict in the Gaza strip and Israel. They fight as part of the unresolved Israeli-Palestinian conflicts dating back to the 20th century. This conflict has gone far enough, it has lasted for years and only has resulted in meaningless bloodshed. I would love to spread as much information and awareness as I can.

# data[].attributes.body
Its a printed or digitally published collection of texts usually illustrated, that is produced at regular intervals.

# data[].attributes.body
Color in advertising is used to increase the impact of an ad. Contrast is important because the human eye is drawn to difference. When everything looks the same, it’s difficult to focus on any one thing. When something is different, it stands out.

Secondary Sources:

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mar.4220030203

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sunyulster227technicalwriting/chapter/c-is-for-contrast/

# data[].attributes.body
Visual impact is crucial. The use of color and the thoughtful organization of elements in the structure of a magazines layout is essential for engaging and keeping readers attention.

Secondary:

https://azuramagazine.com/articles/anatomy-of-a-magazine-how-to-decode-color-choices

# data[].attributes.headline
Are shapes actually important in designing?

# data[].attributes.subject
Are shapes actually important in designing?

# data[].attributes.body
Shape psychology ( yes its a thing ) is the study of how shapes can be used to influence human emotion and perception of a piece.

Examples:

Squares and Rectangles

If you are wanting to build a strong foundation for your design, consider using squares and rectangles, which have long been associated with strength and stability.

Circles and Ovals

Without angles or corners circles and ovals have a sense of harmony, peace and completeness that can rarely be achieved with other shapes. Circles are also excellent focal points, giving the power to direct the audiences attention to a specific part of the piece.

Secondary Source:

https://www.rmcad.edu/blog/the-science-of-shapes-how-geometry-shapes-visual-communication/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Anatomy of a Magazine: How to Shape Perception – Azura

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Uncover the secrets behind shaping perception through the anatomy of a magazine. Learn powerful techniques to captivate audiences and influence opinions.

# data[].attributes.body
The texture of the magazine is smooth and clean.

The magazine leaves a feeling of cleanfulness and of elegancy.

The jewelry attracts most of my attention and that jewelry helps with the feeling of elegancy.

The font is big and it stretches to make the green border around the image.

# data[].attributes.body
The middle point of the magazine is the piece of jewelry.

The text is centered on the magazine.

The colours achieve balance because of the colour palette which work with eachother.

# data[].attributes.body
SPACE:

There is no negative space, the magazine is filled with text / people.

The text specifically the title was made to surround the magazine on purpose to create a border.

CONTRAST:

Contrast is a design technique that makes features distinct from others using the color, size, texture and shape variations on the same design or picture.

There is some visible contrast on this magazine as shown by the light on her face. This specific area has a somewhat subtle but compelling contrast.

REPETITION:

This same type of green is being repeated.

Because of this repetition it creates a sense of balance and really affects the aesthetic of the whole magazine.

The text is simple but adds so much to the magazine. The font correlates with the magazine as well.

ALIGNMENT:

The alignment of the magazine is very thought out.

The text is big and centered as is all the other text present on the magazine cover. The text does not clash with the aesthetic and alignment of the image, on the contrary it adds TO the aesthetic

PROXIMITY:

Principle of proximity: Items close together are likely to be perceived as part of the same group.

With this definition in mind the magazine has achieved this perfectly. The entire magazine feels as one part, down to the color scheme the magazine does an exceptional job into making all these elements feel one.

https://www.theknowledgeacademy.com/blog/contrast-principle-of-design/

https://moellerprinting.com/understanding-alignment-in-

graphic-

design/#:~:text=Justified%20alignment%20is%20ideal%20for,may%20not%20look%20as%20appealing.

https://www.nngroup.com/articles/gestalt-proximity/

# data[].attributes.body
1. Throughout this entire unit we have been discussing and analysing on what and how to make a magazine.

2. We are doing this to spread awareness specifically about rights being violated. Magazines are used to spread information and is a very effecient way of transmitting information.

3. We will be making our magazines online. Thankfully to all the information we have collected in the past strands we can apply them to our own magazine.

# data[].attributes.body
1. I believe that my magazine should be directed towards organisations and hopefully influence them to do the same.

2. The magazine needs to draw attention. I need a suitable colour palette and need to take in the elements of ABSCRAP in mind. I believe I will focus on balance and Contrast.

# data[].attributes.body
I believe I will struggle on time. I want this magazine to be up to my standards and that will take time. I do not know what software I can use to make a magazine yet. These are my main two concerns for this project however I am positive I will overcome them.

# data[].attributes.body
Typography is an aesthetic choice that changes the overall atmosphere of a piece. The fonts you select can help establish a pieces personality. It can guide the readers eye and ensures that content would be easy to digest.

Secondary source:

https://imagebox.co.uk/graphic-design/why-typography-is-important-in-graphic-design/

Copy right free sources:

https://www.fontspace.com/h

https://www.1001fonts.com/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How to choose the right fonts for Magazine Design and Editorial Layouts | Fincker Font Cuisine

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
How to choose the right fonts for Magazine Design and Editorial Layouts

# data[].attributes.body
photos can work with the magazine’s layout. It can have a sense of artfulness and professionalism to an otherwise solid design sensibility. It can dramatically change the aesthetic and the overall vibe of a magazine. Photos are the most basic and yet one of the most impactful decisions.

Secondary Sourced:

https://unsplash.com/s/photos/gaza

# data[].attributes.body
Repetition is a key principle that helps with layout and composition by making consistency, cohesion, and unity in a design. By repeating elements like colors, shapes, fonts, or graphic motifs, designers establish a recognizable style.

Secondary source:

https://www.ramotion.com/blog/repetition-principle-in-design/

# data[].attributes.body
Alignment helps guide the viewer's eyes and makes the content easier to follow:

Left Alignment: This is common and makes reading easier.

Center Alignment: Centers text and can create a formal or artistic look but may be harder to read.

Right Alignment: Aligns everything to the right which can be used for special effects but is less common.

Secondary Source:

https://www.alooba.com/skills/concepts/layout-and-composition-289/balance-and-alignment/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Balance and Alignment: Everything You Need to Know When Assessing Balance and Alignment Skills

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
```markdown
Discover what balance and alignment are in layout and composition. Learn how these essential skills create visually appealing and effective designs for your projects.
```

# data[].attributes.body
proportion is the relative size. Proportion refers to the size, shape and placement of objects in relation to the space they occupy. This is important when designing a magazine, if the proportion is all wrong the viewer wont be able to follow the piece and could confuse them on where to look.

Secondary Sources:

https://www.whataportrait.com/blog/proportion-in-art-guide/?srsltid=AfmBOoqB5NShc9gEElKv8Ow34h7ZUSzWER93S1AHPI_92UTzsnaAPsH-

# data[].attributes.body
Not many people read magazines nowadays, In my opinion they are too boring or too difficult to read. Most of the magazines I have encountered with in the real world have too much information in a overwhelming way. Furthermore, magazines that are not overwhelming the reader with information, are not captivating enough. This is a problem, a magazine should be captivating and share information in a coherent manner. To enlightened people on any topics, you also have to take account the elements to make it enjoyable and easy to look at.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Magazine page design fundamentals—The Good, The Bad, and the Outrageous

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
10 Important Elements of Magazine Spreads Layout Design

# data[].attributes.body
According to all my research I have concluded that to make a great magazine you have to, above all, hook people to your magazine. Its a very simple conclusion but its the truth. The first thing that anyone does with a magazine is look at it, they do not look at the contents right away but they look at the aesthetic and look of the overall magazine. To test if my magazine fits this criteria I will make a survey that consists with 5 magazines and to rate each of them from one to ten, to how captivating it is. If my magazine is above the rating of 7 I will consider it a success. Further more I will ask for an experts opinion on my final design and make a check list. The check list would be made with the help of an experts opinion.

# data[].attributes.body
Aesthetic:

The aesthetic

Balance:

If we add a grid on the magazine cover everything w

Space:

The space is filled with text and the images that serves as the whole background of the magazine. The space is used mindfully and was taken into careful consideration to not leave to much or use to much space.

Contrast:

The contrast in the magazine is simple yet affective. There is light shined on the person on the cover which highlight her features further. The text around is a nice colour that goes with the orange. Because of the sudden colour change the text easily draws attention into its key words.

Repetition:

The orange colour is repeated throughout the entire cover. The colour pops out nicely but does not affect the overall aesthetic negatively. The colour creates a sense of unity and consistency. The colour feels like the subtle but powerful final touch into bringing the cover together.

Alignment:

The alignment of the text is very thought out. It does not overwhelm the audience with information even though it has quite a lot of words for a magazine cover. As you can see the almost all the text is surrounding the person in the middle. This choice was on purpose to not add much "noise" into the magazine. They could have just let the text be centered or let it go from the far left of the cover to the right instead of presenting it in small paragraphs. Its alignment is amazing and very well thought out.

Proximity:

The proximity is all in order. The proximity of the magazine greatly helps with the aesthetic of the piece. The colour for one goes very well with gray and are complementary colours. The fonts of the text goes exceptionally well with the the picture and the gray filter was the way to go. The orange colour creates another group however, its the only colourful part of the cover so your eyes are naturally drawn to it. Once we look at one orange text we look at another creating a group of text with only the orange colour in our minds.

# data[].attributes.body
Name of Magazine: HRW

Above the title would be the name of the organization titled HRW ( Human Rights Watch ). I want the title to immediately attract viewer attention. I plan to do this by writing the organizations acronym in BOLD. They are very well known and will attract attention with the name alone.

Function of the Magazine

The entire purpose of the magazine is to raise as much awareness as we possibly can.

Target audience

My target audience is of course directed towards people. However it is also intended to reach organizations and the government. The reason i have chosen the HRW is because of how non-bias the organization is.

# data[].attributes.body
Images needed:

I have websites for both illustrations and pictures of and for gaza. I plan to use real photos of the war and plan to add destruction right at the cover page to hook my targeted audience.

https://www.freepik.com/free-photos-vectors/human-rights

https://unsplash.com/s/photos/gaza

https://pixabay.com/images/search/gaza/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Human rights Images - Free Download on Freepik

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Find & Download Free Graphic Resources for Human rights Vectors, Stock Photos & PSD files. ✓ Free for commercial use ✓ High Quality Images #freepik

# data[].attributes.body
I have used this website for years and it has not let me down. I found a font for the organization called "Greater theory regular". For the "NOT ON OUR WATCH" line I have found the font "Retro Floral Regular". The body text will be "TT Norms".

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
54997 free fonts in 30871 families · Free licenses for commercial use · Direct font downloads · Mac · Windows · Linux

# data[].attributes.body
Looking back at my Design Specifications I think my magazine will meet most of the goals I set. It clearly raises awareness about human rights and the organization I chose, which was my main purpose. The design will also follow my plans for clear alignment and balanced text, making it easy to read and understand. I will use repetition and a layout so it feels balanced and professional. The images I chose will connect well to the topic and match the emotional and serious aesthetic I want to show.

From the peer feedback, people said they liked the overall layout and how it fits the message of human rights. Some said I could use stronger or more emotional images to make the magazine even more powerful.

With about 10 to 12 lessons to finish the digital layout. I believe I can complete the design if I stay focused. I’ll start with the main cover and make sure everything looks clean and professional before adding smaller details.

I feel confident using Canva and Photoshop. I know how to arrange text and images but I’ll keep working on improving my alignment and typography choices to make the magazine look more polished.

# data[].attributes.body
https://docs.google.com/document/d/14XDb7CQFVcCsrULJaCJ67P3PHBMSeXcTd0eFoB28-1M/edit?usp=sharing

Above this text is a link to my document of all my steps that i took in order to finish my magazine.

# data[].attributes.body
Here are the photos of me downloading the font for my magazine cover

# data[].attributes.body
For my cover page I wanted to add an effect to make my cover stand out and attract more attention. I could not find a color that was too my liking so I asked my classmates for advice. After some exploring Ana found "Color and Fills" than left the work up to me. I changed the color cyan to match the color of the background. However the top half of the shape turns into a lighter shade which is exactly what I wanted.

# data[].attributes.body
I added some more text around the magazine and highlighting the word "INHUMANE". Nice contrast.

When looking back to my first design and comparing it to my final cover page, I am completely satisfied with the end result.

# data[].attributes.body
Adding pages.

# data[].attributes.body
Downloading image.

# data[].attributes.body
I went to this website to get dummy text. I copied this text and pasted it everywhere my magazine.

# data[].attributes.body
Uploading an image to my magazine

# data[].attributes.body
Downloading some images for the first two pages.

# data[].attributes.body
Final page with the images dummy text and effect.

# data[].attributes.body
In my original layout I wanted a specific image of the Palestine flag ontop of buildings. I spent a lot of time trying to find an image that exactly matched my idea, after a while I realised that I did not have to get one exactly to my imagination. This led to me finding the closest image I could which I used on my cover page.

I did not change my magazine much except on page two. On page two I tried. I followed my original design however it did not work well with the aesthetic of my magazine at that point. I had to to look for some inspiration until i settled for my final design.

# data[].attributes.body
At first I believed that I would navigate smoothly as my designs are not that complicated. However, scribbus is difficult and buggy to say the least. It took a while for me to navigate the app but once i got comfortable it was easy to learn.

I completely believed I only needed 12 lessons to completely finish my magazine layouts. It took me around the end of November to finish my layouts completely.

Finally I almost wavered from my plan and break the rules of alignment by not following it correctly. Luckily I soon got criticism from my teacher and followed the rules of alignment like I stated in my original plan.

# data[].attributes.body
I want my magazine to be visually appealing and satisfactory. To achieve this I will make a survey. The survey will ask around 5 to 6 questions about my layout. If 80 percent of the comments are positive I will consider my magazine a success.

For my second test I will ask for a professionals opinion. I will document what they have said, the positives and the negatives. After asking for their feedback I will ask them if the magazine is up to their standards. If the answer is yes than I will consider my magazine a success.

For my Third test I will checklist my magazine to my requirements . After check listing More than half of my requirements I will consider my magazine a success.

# data[].attributes.body
Most of my design specifications have been met except the font. The font I chose was appropriate however the text had some noticeable gaps that were distracting and was not supposed to be included in my final product. This specification was not fulfilled.

# data[].attributes.body
1. My magazine should be visually appealing and attract attention:

"I will send a survey that challenges this specification successful. if the results are 80% positive overall then it is a success"

My Magazine has more than 80% positive, which according to my requirements means the magazine visually, Is a success.

3. The product will have some repetition to create order and consistency:

"I want the magazine to balanced with it standing out but to an extent. I will ask for an experts opinion.".

For this specification I have asked for an experts opinion. The expert I have asked stated that "There is repetition in the color scheme until the last few pages, it's a nice change of colors and still fits the aesthetic. It's pleasing to look at".

I have done a sudden switch in color scheme in some pages, however the colors matched well especially with the photos i chose to pair up the color with it.

4. The images must fit the alignment of the magazine and and work with their page.

"I will do a comparison with real magazines to test if the images are presented and used well. I will use comparison for the images to see the strengths on how I used them and what to improve".

I have compared my magazine with the other ones that have been shared in class. Based on the data collected from the tests I have performed, I believe my product was a success/fail because I have presented and used my images very well. No one mentioned any improvement on my magazines images, so I consider that a success.

5. The magazine will have to be rated above 3 out of five stars to be successful.

"I will do a survey that will evaluate the magazines overall aesthetic, I will give options ranging from 1 to 5, if more than 50 percent of people choose above 3 then I will consider this as a success".

At the end of my survey I have asked "what would you rate the quality of the magazine?". Based on the data collected from the tests I have performed, I believe my product was a success/fail because all of the responses were above 3 stars, completely shattering the set design specification expectations.

# data[].attributes.body
I believe my product solution had a positive impact on my target audience. Although I was unable to test this directly, I believe the product was successful in raising awareness about Palestine. Even though the magazine contains dummy text and no detailed written information, the images chosen clearly portray the struggles and everyday life of Palestinian people.

The magazine holds nothing back and blatantly presents the realities of what Palestine is going through. This unfiltered visual has a positive effect on the audience, as it confronts them with real experiences rather than softened representations. By doing this the magazine has an emotional response which can make the audience feel a sense of responsibility and obligation to take action, whether it be seeking more information, discussing the issue with others, or supporting the cause in some way.