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Amputation is the act of removing a body part of appendage, and has been a crucial practice throughout history. Amputation has remained important to the medical field. This practice demonstrates the advanced knowledge of prehistoric people.

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First boots were invented, the first evidence of shoes were shown on paintings in caves. These shoes were use to protect from climate. It started the entire idea of footwear.

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Earliest biotechnological process used to preserve food. Sugars are processed into alcohols and acids which produce organic gases and are released to help preserve food. This was an important step for the future.

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They were lighter, and it was used to protect the feet from climate. These shoes were a sign of respect, social class. These shoes were more for temperature and comfortability for the feet.

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Drilling or cutting a hole through the skull to expose the brain. This was used to see the brain and perform surgeries on it and it had a significant impact today.

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They were made in China and these slippers were symbols of power according to the Chinese government. They were suitable for indoor work and movement. Slipper was important for comfortable footwear and it symbolized power.

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Egyptians would use kohl to enhance one's eyelids and eyelashes by making them darker. Perfume was made for religious ceremonies and it was made through resins and essential oils.

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This is important because shoes were needed to get fastened properly and they were more secure shoes and more custom for the users. Important for better fitting and tying.

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By mixing gelatin, egg parts, beeswax and gym Arabic together, Cihna were able to create nail polish that could be painted on their fingernails.

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Corn was domesticated from valleys and rivers in Mexico. Farmers used the cross breeding of dogs and plants to benefit them.

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Dealth with breast cancer tumors and this surgery removed the tumors and there was no infection.

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Caupa leg was innovative because it was made from lightweight materials and was made from durable plastics that increased the logetivity.

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this was the first time silk was discovered and it was then taught.

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Henna is a paste made from henna plant. This was a temporary stain that can be placed wherever. This also has medicinal properties that can be healed through henna.

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Food is placed into salt or acidic solutions and is left to sit there for a while as the pH level lowers and this prevents growth of harmful bacteria. This process helped scientists understand the power of controlling pH.

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Hand hooks purpose was essential because it was designed to replace the hand and added a hook in order to grasp onto things to pick them up.

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Peg legs allow the ability to make prosthetics for whole limbs instead of just hands and feet. This was adopted later by many ancient civilizations.

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White lead makeup wanted to have a whiter complexion so they used lotions and powders because there were beauty standards at that time. They would mix beeswax to make lip balm.

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Women used olive oil to help with dryness. They also utilized lead combs that were soaked in vinegar which allowed people's hair to become darker.

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They used this to figure out about the circulatory system and how blood flows throughout the body.

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The prosthetic toe was important to the Egyptians because the big toe was important when wearing traditional sandals. Toe design allowed users to appear normal and toe.

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Trade expanded westward and silk production expanded to other cultures. China had strict rules for clothes which included colors and fabrics.

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It was extracted from China and it is a way to treat malaria.

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Han dynasty allowed trade with Europe. There was a great demand by the time the Han dynasty traded with Europe. High demand for fabric through most of the Roman Empire.

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Turkey establishes their own silk production and broke ties with china. The sericulture spread throughout the Mediterranean and into Spain.

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Silk made China wealthy and powerful. There were 2 spies to learn the secrets of silk production, and they returned with silkworm eggs and mulberry seeds.

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Tetracycline is an antibiotic that could treat a whole range of bacterial infections such as acne. When it was found, it was discovered that it was actually found for a long time before it was first spotted.

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They were found in Egytian tombs. Socks were important because it showcased the variety of footwear and also it acts as a protection from cold temperatures. Cotton and knitted socks were the first found and made.

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Italy had become silk capital & the French govt helped support farmers financially who planted mulberry fields. English also started making silk but the climate made it hard.

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Americans started making silk but it did not go as well as they thought because of the climate was troubling.

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It is estimated that about 10% died. Only the rich were able to afford doctors and get treatment like pain killers, but most of this was ineffective.

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In Italy, there were a lot of dangerous chemicals and toxins like Mercury lead and more in cosmetics.

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Metal prosthetics were mostly used by soldiers and nobles because they were more durable .

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Method of preserving by salting it and cooking it in its own fat as a method of preserving food. This prevents growth of harmful bacteria. This helped confirm the idea that sealing off oxygen from food limited bacteria growth.

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This involved sealing wounds using fire or a hot burning stick.

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French people did not smell that good because of working in confined places. They were using perfume or covering this odor.

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French surgeon Ambroise Pare made new materials

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She is credited with introducing the technique of inoculation of smallpox to West Europe .She purposely infected her daughter to find a pure for smallpox, her risk gave attention and led to the first Discovery of a vaccine as well as the ultimate cure for smallpox.

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People started raising these silkworms that allowed growth of silk but eventually it was closed and the industry went bankrupt.

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He was also credited with the creation of the first vaccine. Milkmaids who conceived cowpox were unaffected by smallpox. In an experiment, he found the truth and also created the first vaccination instance.

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Cheese making is a method of using an enzyme rennet that is used to make clumps from milk and heating it up. It then drains out the whey from the milk mixture as it helps further separate the curds. Cheese has been an important part of biotechnology.

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These are used to prevent patients from feeling pain and put them to sleep during surgery.

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This was the act of cleaning up before and after surgery which was ignored but now is something that is crucial. Mandatory sanitization lowered the mortality rate by 3%

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He was a French pharmacist who made major accomplishments to microbiologists. He spent more effort preventing disease than treating it.

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The goal was to make an antibiotic that was able to target multiple different strains of bacteria in order to be sold. Some of the experiments were inconsistent.

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This type of therapy killed the cancer and the genetic material stopping cancer from spreading.

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This was the first open heart surgery that was successful. This was done without the surgical tools that we have today.

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goal was to boost the immune system to make it effective to fight cancer

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Seed ribbons or capsules containing a radiation source are planted in or near a tumor to treat cancers.

This prevented tumors from spreading or re surging

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Selling this drug to kill microorganism and it successfully killed specific types of bacteria.

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This process was used to extend the shelf life of foods. Lactic acids and yeast are examples of macrobiotic that can help preserve food.

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Makeup company that would provide safe and a variety of safe products. Achieved this after founding the company L'Oreal. The first product was a safety used hair dye.

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Penicillin was discovered because it is useful in treating bacteria infections like strep throat and is used often now.

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1930 antibiotics strengthen the food industry

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1930 antibiotics strengthen the food industry

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There were antibiotics used in the meat industry because the goal was to get more meat production by allowing the animals to gain these antibiotics that could help let it live longer and safe.

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There was a lot of harm to animals & crops. Rise of DDT or chemical pesticides had beneficial results because it limited harm to animals and was inexpensive and really good at preserving and protecting crops from insects. This changed farming practices.

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Process called mutagenesis which used radiation to change the plants DNA. Goal was to use this to produce different types of genetically modified plants. There were many different eras of radiation which was important for DNA selection

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The cables allow users to control the prosthetic device and be flexible with it.

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This was used for many purposes like cooking, canning and heating. This processing was important as it is able to safely preserve and extract different foods. It reduces energy consumption and wastes, and the time of cooking.

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FDA approved the use of antibiotics in widespread food compound.

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Salk was the creator of the first polio virus vaccine.

Sabin He founded an autopsy that polio virus affected the intestinal tract meaning that lab grown cells.

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Inserting DNA from one bacteria to another marked the beginning of bacterial cloning and gave birth of commercial involvement in the biotech industry. This helped humans fight diseases using bacteria.

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Doctors use the patients own cells to make a cure and give it back to the pateints

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This can make cancer more susceptible to the site of the cancer but it can also diagnose it earlier. It has been shown to make cancer tissues more knowable than to radiotherapy.

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ndoskeletal prosthesis are artificial limbs that have lightweight, internal metal structure in which the outer layer is more natural looking.This allows more comfort and easier adjustments

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Low moisture foods can be linked with safety and health concerns. Cold plasma is a flexible sanitizing method which improved farming production.

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Genes were inserted into immune cells to help them better fight the cancer. It has been used to insert genes in or around cancer that will kill or slow the growth speed.

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FDA decided to add regulations on GMO making sure it was safe to eat. FDA also put regulations for genome plants.

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Modifying plants DNA to get specific traits which led to longer and sweeter corn.

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These are injected into a vein, and are a treatment of leukemia. FDA continues to approve this treatments which are made artificially.

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This was the first time that there was a first hand transplant that was successful. This operation was so successful where the patient could feel braiile

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There was a shortage of mulberry plants and there was a huge increase of diseases because of the high cost of labor for making fabric.

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3D printing and AI allows for creating custom fit and affordable limbs by intensive care and development from digital models. 3D printing has led to reduction in the manufacturing time, weight and the cost.

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GMO foods were important because GMO international laws are always changing and growing with the rapid acceleration to make sure it is safe

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FDA regarding cloning was a big thing because FDA concluded that cloning of animals as well as their off springs are safe to consume

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2001-2010 branch out to find new organisms

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2001-2010 branch out to find new organisms

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there were new types of organisms that were being searched to make more antibiotics. most of these searches took place in the ocean, fungi and the main goal was to find more things.

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Antibiotic resistance is an example of natural selection & evolution. Bacteria will evolve and mutate where they can resist antibiotics. This is a problem. the overuse of different antibiotics increases the exposure of various antibiotics to the bacteria.

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These are really new and are used to screen for cancer. Has a lot less invasive than a normal one while allowing a doctor to still be able to detect cancer.

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Customers and clients would stay away from using highly chemically active and lean towards more clean sources like natural sources and this led to companies creating more pure and protective ingredient products.

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Apples start of by being modified as seeds that grow into the fruits to stay fresh longer. The seeds are modified to make sure they have a longer shelf life

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One of the first genome created was the soybean that was modified to have no trans fat.

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Due to COVID 19 there were new virtual product camera because this 3D camera could display a specific product on the client's skin.

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The MRNA vaccine tricks host cells to kill and it is efficient because it has raid growth, cost and manufacturing

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More sweet version of a pineapple from having extra lycopene in it causing the pink color. The pineapple were made by del MOTA and takes 15-24 months to grow.

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The lab grown meat is made ethically and responsibly and is made by cultivating animal cells.

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This is used to record and decode neural signals from individual neurons and then transmit them back to the brain using electrical simulation.

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There was a lot of over prescription for antibiotics so this needs to consolidated to make sure that there is not a lot of bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics. So doctors are trying to limit the amount of antibiotics that were being prescribed.

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Method where the surgeon is aided with robotic machines whether it is a camera or a smaller incision with better materials. It has been shown to have faster recovery times for patients compared to non robotic surgeries. It is growing rapidly.

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 2024 Final lower limb prosthesis & advancements to surgery

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 2024 Final lower limb prosthesis & advancements to surgery

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A surgery called the agonist-antagonist myoneural interface (AMI) reduces pain and muscle waste and was performed on around 60 patients.

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CRISPR a genomeediting technology was used to make advances in using their medicine to help combat diseases. Scientists were attempting this so that people won't have allergic reactions to their foods

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Silk is produced in a few countries like China and Japan. India is famous for a silk called Tussah.

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Many of these techniques are still used widely today. One new treatment still being made is a cancer vaccine, which could really boost the immune system to better equip to fight cancer.