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It is also known as the Anglo-Saxon period, This is considered primarily oral because the culture of the Anglo-Saxons, who spoke Old English. In this period Christianity was introduced, which significantly influenced literature.

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Anonymous: Many of Old English Literature is attributes to anonymous authors, as writing was communal and passed down orally.

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He composed the first known English Poem, “hymn of Creation” inspired by a divine dream.

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He is attributed to several religious poems, like “The Fates of the Apostles”, “Christ II”.

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A monk of Jarrow is most famous for his Ecclesiastical History of the English People (731), which was written in Latin but significantly influenced Old English religious writing.

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The most popular epic poem, reflecting themes of bravery and honor.

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A collection of religious narratives and riddles. it contains "The Wanderer," "The Seafarer," and other religious and elegiac poems.

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Contains poems based on old testament narratives.

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Contains saints lives and religious poems.

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Celebrating the values of warrior culture (e.g., Beowulf).

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Influenced by the Christianization of England, many poems and prose works focus on biblical themes and moral lessons.

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Reflecting on loss, exile, and the transient nature of life (e.g., The Wanderer, The Seafarer).

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Those were a time significant literary development, especially in religious, legal , and sermon writings.

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His works were religious and educational in nature like “Catholic Homilies” a collection of sermons and “Lives of the Saints” a series of Saints’ lives written in prose.

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His writings were strongly influenced as a church leader, his key works include: “The Sermon of the Wolf to the English” in this the author laments the moral decay of society.

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During this era Literature shifted from primarily oral traditions and religious works to more diverse forms of writing.

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It was a period of linguistic change, literary forms and themes from French and Latin literature, such as romances, allegories, and religious texts began to merge with native English traditions, the influence of the Catholic Church was so profound that many texts were written by or for members of religious orders, reflecting the spiritual concerns of the time.

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Before the Norman Conquest it was largely oral, but during this period, more works began to be written down in manuscripts, Many works were still composed in verse, often using alliteration or rhyme.

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Known for his work “Brut” (c. 1200), it tells the history of Britain from its legendary founding by Brutus of Troy to the reign of King Arthur.

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It is a collection of religious homilies written in verse.

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Work-The Owl and the Nightingale (late 12th or early 13th century): 

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Work-The Owl and the Nightingale (late 12th or early 13th century): 

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This is one of the earliest surviving debate poems in English. It presents a dialogue between an owl and a nightingale, each defending their way of life.

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Author- Ancrene Wisse (early 13th century)

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Author- Ancrene Wisse (early 13th century)

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This author is an example of devotional prose, written to guide woman in religiuos life.

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It was largely religious used to instruct or spread Christianity (Religious Texts).

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Often centered around stories of knights, chivalry, and courtly love.

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Allegory became a dominant form for expressing moral, religious, and philosophical ideas.

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The transition from oral tradition to written culture became more pronounced during this period, thanks to places where monks copied texts and the increasing use of parchment manuscript.

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Differences between Old English Period and Early Middle English Period

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Differences between Old English Period and Early Middle English Period

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-Old English Literature: heroic, elegiac, religious, often anonymous, with a strong emphasis on oral tradition.

-Early Middle English Literature: more diverse, with increased secular themes, influenced by French and Latin, still heavily religious but increasingly allegorical and concerned with personal devotion.

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The Later Middle English (14th-15th Centuries)

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The Later Middle English (14th-15th Centuries)

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It was a time of great creativity and diversity in English literature. In this period, the influence of courtly tradition and French literature became evident, while the poetic form of octosyllabic verse became a prominent feature.

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An allegorical poem that offers deep social criticism, focused on religion and morality.

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The Canterbury Tales 1387-1400 (written between these years)

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The Canterbury Tales 1387-1400 (written between these years)

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Collection of stories told by a diverse group of pilgrims, with different styles and genres.

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Tragic love story set during the Trojan War, written in verse by Chaucer

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The Book of Margery Kempe 1436-1438 (approximately)

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The Book of Margery Kempe 1436-1438 (approximately)

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A spiritual autobiography where the author narrates her mystical visions and religious journeys.

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This is the most complete version of the Arthurian legends, which records the life and exploits of King Arthur and his knights.

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At the end of the 15th century, Later Middle English gradually transformed into Early Modern English with the publication of printed texts thanks to the printing press, which began to standardize the language.

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This period focused more on rational thought and the religious was left aside in addition here aorse new genres influencied by yhe philosophy of humanism.

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The Renaissance left religion aside, although it continued to be important, it was no longer what they focused on and looked for other types of literature such as poems and drama.

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lyric and poetry were the most cultivated genres in the renaissance which had a great influence by italian authors, this genre had an important ramification and was mystical or ascetic poetry that speaks poetically of the sacred.

In the modern novel, dramaturgy and the essay the main themes are love, nature, mythology and the enjoyment of life.

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John Milton:Milton was a Puritan writer who wrote Paradise Lost, another poem often ranked as one of the greatest in history. His work was infused with his religious beliefs while also embracing some of the newer thoughts of the Renaissance, such as the ability of humans to achieve great things.

William Shakespeare:Widely considered one of the greatest playwrights of all time, Shakespeare was so well-respected for his work that a specific type of sonnet, the Shakespearean sonnet, is named after him.

Edmund Spenser:Spenser is best-known today for his epic poem The Faerie Queen, widely acknowledged as one of the best in the canon. The poem was a glorification of England and its language.

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Romeo and Juliet (1597),

Hamlet (1623) and Julio Cesar (1599) by william shakespeare. These works have in common that each one presents a conflict either with society or with romance.

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The Faerie Queene (1590) by Edmund Spenser, This poem is about morality and the power of good over evil.

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The paradise lost (1667) by John Milton, This poem is religious as it deals with the events that led to Adam and Eve being expelled from the Garden of Eden (Paradise)

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This period was marked by political, literary and cultural changes, this is due to the celebration or rejection of the restored court of Charles II. in which you can find works such as Paradise Lost by John Milton, along with Sodom by John Wilmot or the comedy The Country Wife by William Wycherley, among others.

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Literary

The Restoration period saw the rise of satire, novels and poetry that explored personal themes within classical forms. Restoration literature includes Paradise Lost, The Peasant Woman, and Pilgrim's Progress.

political

The Restoration was marked by political upheaval after the monarchy was restored, and included the Glorious Revolution of 1688, which limited the power of the monarchy.

Scientific

The Restoration period saw the founding of the Royal Society, experiments by Robert Boyle, and the pioneering of literary criticism by John Dryden and John Dennis.

Cultural

The Restoration period is also known as the Age of Reason or Enlightenment. It was characterized by empiricism, the idea that knowledge about the world comes from the senses and applying reason to what we take in

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Satire

A popular literary tool used to educate the public about social issues, often in a comical way. Satire was used by both writers and playwrights to expose and critique social injustices.

Comedy of Manners

The most popular form of Restoration drama, these plays often mocked the upper class and included vulgar and sexually suggestive language.

Christian religious writing

A dominant genre of prose during the Restoration period, often with political and economic implications.

Fiction and journalism

Two genres that began to emerge during the Restoration period and would dominate later periods.

Poetry

Restoration poetry discussed themes like temperance, logic, and realism.

Neoclassical

Works that emphasized similarities between classical works and works of the time, and often included allusions to political connections.

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John Dryden: the first official poet laureate

Jonathan Swift: author of Gulliver's Travels

Daniel Defoe: Author of Robinson Crusoe, considered by many to be the first English novel

Alexander Pope: a notable author of the time.

Samuel Johnson: a notable author of the time.

William Wycherley: Playwright and poet of the time.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE RENAISSANCE (1550-1660) AND THE RESTORATION (1660-1798)

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE RENAISSANCE (1550-1660) AND THE RESTORATION (1660-1798)

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The Renaissance is more about rational thought, love, mythology among others, while the Restoration touched more on the subject of politics and what had to do with the social

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essay on the criticism of Alexander Pope. This was one of his first important poems.

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The Country Wife

A lewd comedy by William Wycherley that satirized the upper classes and included sexual scenes.

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Romanticism was a historical and cultural movement originating mainly in countries such as Germany and the United Kingdom during the 18th century as a reaction to the Enlightenment and Neoclassicism, Romanticism emerged as an essential tool to give greater priority to feelings and give them representation through art, music, etc. Understanding the importance of emotions over reason, it was considered the first cultural movement that transcended the entire map, encompassing all of Latin America, generating great growth in the period from 1800 to 1850, then giving way to positivism, a style of critical and empirical thinking as the basis of knowledge of society.

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Late 18th Century: Romanticism emerged as a reaction to the rationalism of the Enlightenment and Neoclassicism.

1800 - 1850: Time of greatest splendor of Romanticism in Europe and America.

1820 - 1870: It developed mainly in Latin America.

Mid-19th Century: Realism begins to gain strength, displacing Romanticism.

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Exaltation of the individual: Importance is given to subjectivity and personal emotions.

Appreciation of nature: Nature is seen as a reflection of the author's emotional state.

Rejection of classical rules: The rigid norms of art and literature imposed by Neoclassicism are broken.

Search for freedom: Both in art and in life, the freedom of the individual is exalted.

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Nationalism: A feeling of belonging and pride in one's own culture and traditions arises.

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Nationalism: A feeling of belonging and pride in one's own culture and traditions arises.

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Idealization of love: Love is a central theme, often shown as tragic or unattainable.

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Escapism: There is a search to escape from reality towards ideal worlds, the historical past, or the exotic.

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Escapism: There is a search to escape from reality towards ideal worlds, the historical past, or the exotic.

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Promotion of national literature: In many countries, Romanticism encouraged the creation of works based on local myths and traditions.

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Promotion of national literature: In many countries, Romanticism encouraged the creation of works based on local myths and traditions.

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Development of individualism: It promoted the right to express personal emotions and experiences.

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Social awareness: In some regions, Romanticism was linked to revolutionary and independence movements.

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Social awareness: In some regions, Romanticism was linked to revolutionary and independence movements.

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Appreciation of nature: Art and literature began to see nature as a reflection of the human soul.

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Europe

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (Germany)

Work: Faust (1808)

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Work: Don Juan (1824)

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Work: Frankenstein (1818)

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Work: Les Misérables (1862) and Our Lady of Paris (1831)

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Work: The Raven (1845), Extraordinary Narrations (1839)

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(Argentina)Work: The Slaughterhouse (1871, published posthumously)

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Victorian and modernist literature is an essential element for the development and understanding of 19th century British societies. This period marked the consolidation of the novel as the main medium of literary exploration. Victorian literature is represented by love poems and novels that recount adventures. This period is dominated by great works such as Lord Alfred Tennyson's Camelot and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.

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This era was greatly influenced by its codes of morality, self-control, and family values, bourgeoisie, and the social structure had great strength.

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The Industrial Revolution had a great impact, bringing with it technological advances, the growth of cities, and a radical change in society's way of life. Problems such as child labor, poverty, and precarious working conditions also arose.

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There was a clash between science and religion, especially with the publication of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species in 1859, which challenged traditional religious beliefs about creation.

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The literature of this era reflected social problems and the everyday realities of life, especially the hardships of the working class and social inequalities.

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Although Victorian women were traditionally seen as domestic figures, some movements began to question these roles and demand greater rights for women.

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Authors and Works of the Victorian Era: Works: Oliver Twist (1837-1839), David Copperfield (1849-1850), Great Expectations (1860-1861), A Christmas Carol (1843).

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Authors and Works of the Victorian Era: Works: Oliver Twist (1837-1839), David Copperfield (1849-1850), Great Expectations (1860-1861), A Christmas Carol (1843).

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Characteristics: Dickens is known for his detailed portrayal of social injustices, poverty and the hardships of the working class, always with a moral and hopeful approach.

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Works: Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1891), Jude the Obscure (1895).

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Characteristics: Hardy is known for his pessimism, portrayal of conflicts between individuals and social norms, and criticism of the rigid Victorian moral code.

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George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) (1819-1880):

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George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) (1819-1880):

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Works: Middlemarch (1871-1872), The Mill on the Floss (1860).

Characteristics: She is known for her psychological realism, deep character analysis, and criticism of social restrictions.

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Works: In Memoriam A.H.H. (1850), The Charge of the Light Brigade (1854).

Characteristics: Poet Laureate of England, Tennyson wrote on themes such as heroism, death, and faith, often in a lyrical and melancholic style.

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Contemporary English literature is a reflection of the ever-changing society, and its diversity and richness continue to inspire readers and writers around the world.

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This innovative work follows a day in the life of Leopold Bloom in Dublin, using techniques such as stream of consciousness and multiple narrative styles.

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A fundamental poem of modernism that reflects the pessimism and fragmentation of society after the First World War, full of cultural and mythological references.

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It follows a day in the life of Clarissa Dalloway, mixing memories, sensations and diverse perspectives across time and space.

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An introspective exploration of family life and relationships, also using stream of consciousness to capture subjective experience.

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It recounts the decline of an aristocratic family in the southern United States, using modernist techniques such as temporal fragmentation and multiple narratives.

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A satirical vision of the future in a totalitarian society, which addresses issues such as social control, technology and dehumanization.

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Literary modernism was crucial for its stylistic innovation and its break with traditional forms, introducing techniques such as stream of consciousness and narrative fragmentation. His focus on subjectivity and the complexity of human experience deeply influenced contemporary literature, laying the foundation for postmodernism and maintaining its relevance in the exploration of identity and perception today.

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Difference between The later middle english and 20th Century and Contemporary

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Difference between The later middle english and 20th Century and Contemporary

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A key difference between later Middle English and 20th-century and contemporary literature lies in the complexity of language and narrative techniques. Later Middle English, as seen in works such as "The Canterbury Tales", used more formal language and linear narrative structures, focusing on religious, chivalric and moral themes. Instead, 20th-century literature, influenced by modernism, experiments with techniques such as stream of consciousness, narrative fragmentation, and psychological exploration, reflecting the tensions and complexities of the modern world and subjective experience.