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Gunpowder, also commonly known as black powder to distinguish it from modern smokeless powder, is the earliest known chemical explosive. It consists of a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate..Chinese gunpowder, a mixture of potassium nitrate (saltpeter), sulfur, and charcoal, was accidentally invented by alchemists in the 9th century while seeking an elixir of life. Initially, it was not intended for warfare, but rather for medicinal purposes and as a fumigant.

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The archaeological evidence that ancient Chinese people first used spoons to eat belongs to the Neolithic age, 7000 years ago. The invention of spoons by ancient Chinese people is directly related to the emergence of agricultural culture. In the Neolithic age, the main crop varieties in China were rice and millet. The cooking of these two kinds of grains was relatively simple, and they could be eaten directly in grains, and then boiled into porridge with water. Hot porridge, especially semi liquid porridge, is inconvenient to eat directly by hand. It needs to borrow intermediary equipment, so the simplest spoon was invented. Because of the urgent need, people picked up pieces of animal bones or clam shells at random. At first, they may have eaten them without repairing them. Later, people were no longer satisfied with the natural state of long and short bone slices, so the real spoon was made.

After entering the bronze age, the Central Plains still inherited the tradition of eating with spoons in the Neolithic age. Not only did they continue to use bone spoons, but also copper spoons appeared. Since the emergence of copper smelting technology, spoons used for meals have also begun to be made of copper. In the bronze age, the bone spoon in the Central Plains was still a widely valued eating appliance. By the Western Zhou Dynasty, the use of bone spoon was not as common as in the past.

The first copper spoon appeared, and its shape was mostly modeled on the long bone spoon. Since the Western Zhou Dynasty, a bronze spoon shaped dinner spoon has been popular in the Central Plains. This kind of spoon has a pointed leaf shape, and its handle is flat and relatively wide. Two spoon shaped bronze spoons were unearthed in a cellar in Fufeng, Shaanxi Province. Their age is relatively early among similar spoons. The handles of these two food spoons are decorated with geometric patterns, and the name of the owner is engraved on the spoon body, with an inscription named "dagger".

In the Warring States period, a kind of spoon with long handle and tongue shape appeared. In a Qin tomb in the early spring and Autumn Period in fulinbao, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, such a spoon was unearthed. Its handle is thin, and its body has been changed to an oval tongue shape. Narrow handle tongue shaped spoon, about in the late spring and Autumn period has been finalized and produced. Since the Warring States period, narrow handled tongue shaped spoons have become the mainstream form of ancient Chinese food spoons, which have been used for more than 2000 years. The Warring States period spoons also adopted lacquer wood technology, resulting in a beautiful lacquer wood dinner spoon. Like the bronze spoon, the lacquer wooden spoon is also shaped like a tongue shaped spoon with a narrow handle. It is painted as a whole and usually painted with exquisite geometric patterns.

In the song and Yuan Dynasties, in addition to a large number of copper spoons, there were also many spoons made of silver. During this period, the shape of the spoon basically inherited the tradition of the Tang Dynasty's thin handled tongue shaped spoon, with the only difference being that the handle tail was slightly widened. Later, with the diversified development of times and catering, the technological level gradually improved, and the spoon became more practical, more exquisite, and more diversified in shape.

Today, most spoons are mainly stainless steel.

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The compass, a significant Chinese invention. These early compasses, called "south-pointers" or "south-pointing fish", utilized lodestone, a naturally occurring magnet, which would align itself with the Earth's magnetic field. They were used to harmonize buildings and environments, according to the principles of feng shui. Later, the compass was adapted for navigation during the Song Dynasty (11th century).

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Wikipedia, Brittania.com,youtube,

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Silk is believed to have been discovered in ancient China around 2700 BC, during the time of the legendary Empress Leizu (also known as Xi Ling Shi), wife of the Yellow Emperor, Huangdi.

The Legend:

According to Chinese legend:

Empress Leizu was drinking tea under a mulberry tree when a silkworm cocoon fell into her cup.

The hot water caused the cocoon to unravel into a long, delicate thread.

She realized the thread could be woven into fabric and is said to have invented the silk loom to begin making garments.

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In ancient China, silk production, or sericulture, involved cultivating silkworms on mulberry leaves, harvesting the cocoons, and extracting the silk fibers. These fibers were then spun into threads and woven into cloth. The process was highly secretive and carefully guarded, contributing to China's long-standing monopoly on silk production.

Here's a more detailed breakdown:

Silkworm Rearing: Silkworms (specifically, the larvae of the Bombyx mori moth) were raised on trays, fed with fresh mulberry leaves. The silkworms' diet of mulberry leaves is crucial for the quality of the silk they produce.

Cocoon Spinning: After about a month, the silkworms would spin their cocoons, using a single, incredibly long filament of silk.

1. Cocoon Harvesting and Processing: The cocoons were harvested, and the pupae inside were killed, often by steaming or boiling, to prevent them from breaking out of the cocoon and damaging the silk.

Silk Extraction: The cocoons were then immersed in hot water to soften the sericin (a gummy substance that binds the silk fibers) and loosen the fibers.

Reeling and Spinning: The loose fibers were carefully reeled off the cocoons, often by hand, and then combined to create silk threads.

Weaving: The silk threads were then woven into cloth using looms.

Finishing: The cloth was sometimes pounded to soften it further.

This process, carefully refined over centuries, allowed the ancient Chinese to produce the luxurious silk that became highly sought after around the world. The secret of silk production was so closely guarded that it took a very long time for the techniques to spread outside of China

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1.

The Invention of Paper

The earliest scrap of paper still in existence, a crude material made mostly from hemp fiber found in a tomb in China in 1957, dates back to sometime between 140 and 87 B.C. But Cai Lun, a eunuch in the Han court in A.D. 105, is credited as the inventor of the first really high-quality writing paper, which he fashioned by crushing and combining tree bark, hemp, linen rags, and scraps from fishing nets and then treating the mixture with lye to break it down into finer fibers. Now, paper remains widely used for a variety of purposes, including packaging, printing, writing, and hygiene products.While some traditional uses like newspapers and books have seen a decline, the overall demand for paper is still significant, especially for packaging and tissue products.

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Opium was introduced to China mainly by British traders in the 18th century. It quickly became popular for recreational use, leading to widespread addiction and serious social and economic problems. The Chinese government tried to stop the opium trade, which led to conflicts with Britain known as the Opium Wars in 1839 to 1842 and 1856 to 1860. China lost both wars, was forced to legalize opium, and had to give up territory like Hong Kong. The opium trade weakened China’s economy and government, contributing to the decline of the Qing dynasty.

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Printing was first invented in ancient China. Long ago, people used wooden blocks to press words and pictures onto paper. They used ink to press words onto paper. This helped them make books and share knowledge.

Today, printing is much faster and easier. We have big machines and printers that can print books, newspapers, photos, and even 3D objects. People also use small printers at home and school.

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Thank you for listening to our presentation thank you:>

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China uses robots mainly in factories to help build cars and electronics. Some restaurants and stores have robots that deliver food or give directions. A few robots, like Jia Jia, look human but are mostly for show. Apps like Xiaobing use AI to chat with people. Big companies are testing delivery and warehouse robots, but they aren’t everywhere yet. Most robot use is still small and in certain places.

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Bye ;)