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The Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (now known as P&O cruises) was the first cruise to operative, its first voyage took place in 1837 however this was not the typical cruise P&O won a contract to deliver mail to the Iberian Peninsula and Alexandria Egypt. However the first cruise designed for passenger transport/pleasure took place in 1844 and was also operated by P&O this voyage travelled for Southampton, England to the Mediterranean (to destinations like Gibraltar, Athens, and Malta.), The ship was not as luxurious as they later became however the main purpose was for passengers to enjoy the scenery of being at sea.

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First time cruises were used for leisure purposes 

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First time cruises were used for leisure purposes 

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The Prinzessin Victoria Luise was the world's first purpose-built cruise ship, launched in 1900 and operated by the Hamburg America Line. The ship was named after Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia, the daughter of German Emperor Wilhelm II. The ship was built to resemble a luxury yacht, it offered first class accommodation and amenities like gymnasium, library, dark room and luxury dinning, these upgrades were a huge technical advance for the time as there had never been a luxury ship with amenities that were on the princess Victoria. The Prinzessin Victoria Luise sailed on various cruises, including Caribbean, Mediterranean, and Black Sea voyages, and even a pioneering round-the-world cruise. Unfortunately the ship was short lived and on the 16th of December 1906 while attempting to navigate into Port Royal, the captain, H. Brunswig, mistook the Plumb Point Lighthouse for the Port Royal Lighthouse and ran the ship aground on an uncharted reef, luckily all passengers and crew were safe unfortunately the captain Brunwing was deeply affected by the accident and committed suicide. the ship was declared a total loss and was later sunk by a tsunami in 1907. The creation of the Princess Victoria had a huge impact on society as it was the first ship created solely for leisure purposes.

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WW1 - During world war one the cruise industry largely came to a holt, many existing cruise ships including the liners like the Louisiana were converted for military use such as serving as hospital ships, transporting troops and patrols and escort duties. several ships were lost during ww1 such as the Louisiana which was sunk by a German U-boat in 1915. despite all of this some cruise liners remained in business although adjustments were made such as reduced speeds to save on fuel, layoffs and other measurements to reduce costs.

WW2 - world war two was a similar situation to world war one in terms of the cruise industry, majority of cruise ships were converted for military use , many ships were used to transport troops or refugees and many were lost to German U-boats or allied attacks like the Athenian, Arandora Star, and Wilhelm Gustloff which resulted significant casualties. for example the SS S.T Louise was used to carry Jewish refugees.

Covid 19 - when the covid 19 outburst begun many cruise liners voluntary suspended operations, however by the 14th of march 2020 the 'no sail order' was issued which resulted in no cruises allowed to take place this order kept extending all the way until the 30th of October 2020 however the return of cruises was under strict health protocols and many ships required all passengers to be vaccinated to board. by mid 2021 the protocells gradually got less strict and eventually by the 18th of July 2021 the covid 19 ship monitoring program was over and protocell returned to normal. the reasons in which cruise liners had to take these procurations during the outbreak of covid 19 was to to many reasons such as the cross contamination of international passengers and travelling from port to port, ships were hotspots for covid due to the close quarters, the lack of medical recourses on board, etc. due to this cruises liners faced significant financial losses and many crewmembers were laid off.

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Serious cruise accidents that changed safety policies

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Serious cruise accidents that changed safety policies

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Titanic - The sinking of the titanic in 1912 was a major Turing point for the maritime safety, by taking over 1,500 lives it exposed serious issues in flaws in ship designs, safety equipment and emergency procedures. Titanic only had life boats to carry about half the passengers on board, now ships must provide enough life boats for everyone on board and additional flotation devices alongside this there are regulate tests to ensure lifeboats are accessible and functional. ships are now required to maintain a 24/7 radio communication to continuously monitor distress frequencies due to the titanic missing distress calls as they went off duty in the evening. in 1914 as result of the titanic sinking international safety laws were introduced , the SOLAS (safety of life at sea) it is now the primary international treaty governing the safety of commercial ships, they cover lifeboat access and drills, fire protection and detection systems, navigation, emergency power, crew training and ship design standards. one of the Titanic's main ship design faults was that its watertight compartments wasn't sealed at the top allowing water to overflow into other compartments however now Modern ships must have improved compartmentalization to prevent flooding from spreading.

Costa Concordia - On the 13th of January 2012 the Costa Concordia disaster took place Off the coast of Giglio Island, Italy, the ship struck underwater rocks after an unauthorized Course change made by the captain which lead to flooding and loss of power. during the time of this disaster safety muster drills could take place up to 24 hours after departure however in place of costa Concordia safety drills are mandatory for all passengers pre-departure as during the incident many passengers wee not following safety protocell. scrutiny of captain behavior has become more over seen as the captain of costa Concordia was found guilty of manslaughter and abandoning the ship therefore accountability, leadership training and ethical responsibility during emergencies is kept closer eye on by crew members.

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The golden age of cruising refers to the period of time between 1920-1960 where cruising was at its most glamorous and luxurious it was the turning point where cruises transitioned from just ocean travel to a luxurious holiday experience. During the golden age ships like the RMS Queen Mary and SS Normandie were seen as the Hight of luxury, the interiors featured ball rooms, fine dining areas, smoking lounges art decor galleries and so much more. during this period cruises were targeted at royalty, celebrities and the wealthy due to this dress codes were required including only the finest attire such as tuxedoes, gowns, gloves, diamonds to fit the events taking place such as gala dinners, ballroom dances and high tea. the ships were divided with distinct class levels including first, second and third class with all their own separate dining areas, deck and accommodation, although second class in the golden age is compared to todays premium cruises standards which highlights how much of a luxurious experience first class was. during the golden age air travel was not so common so sea travel was the post popular option with destinations like Europe and America being the most popular destinations as well as the Caribbean and Mediterranean being a popular choice too. By the mid 1960's the golden age started coming to its end with airlines like jet airlines producing the Boeing 707, this made flying faster and more affordable which lead to the decline of sales for cruise liners.

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TUI - TUI's first crise ship to be launched was called the Mein Schiff, however it originally started as the celebrity galaxy under the royal Carrabin however in march of 2009 royal Carrabin and TUI partnered up and under went a £50 million re-fit which took 38 days to transfer the celebrity cruise into the Mein Schiff, it was tailed to provide a premium-all inclusive experience including a theater with shows, concerts, live acts, lounges and bars, spas and fitness classes, pools and luxury dining areas. The ships first debut as Mein Schiff took place on the 18th of may 2009 offering a short voyage from Hamburg to The Baltic. The Mein Schiff served under TUI for nearly 9 years however the design was later transferred to TUI Marella explorer cruise.

Virgin - Virgin Voyages' first cruise ship is the Scarlet Lady, which launched in 2021 after delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. It marked Virgin Group’s bold entry into the cruise industry, aiming to disrupt traditional cruising with an adults-only approach. virgin voyages have considered many things to differ themselves from other cruise lines such as the unique dinning with no buffets or set dining times instead they offer 20+ eateries that include Korean BBQ, vegetarian cafe, and Michelin star collaborations. The scarlet lady focuses on wellbeing and entertainment through activities like spas, yoga, fitness classes, immersive performances, lounges and nightclubs with a festival/Ibiza feel. With the scarlet lady being so modern they have kept up with this though their high tech app bases system which includes smart cabins with mood lighting, voice activated controls, rain showers and no key cards everything works through the virgin voyages app.

The result of travel agencies like TUI, Virgin, etc selling cruise liners primarily benefit the cruise industry by acting as a significant sales channel and providing personalized service that can attract more passengers. They contribute to the industry's overall growth by increasing bookings, which leads to more revenue for cruise lines and increased job opportunities in related sectors. They also allow cruises to be more accessible to the general public not just for the super wealthy.

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Cruise ships have seen major technological advances in recent years, driven by goals like sustainability, efficiency, safety, and enhanced passenger experience.

Interactive apps/ smart cabins - cruise liners like virgin voyages and royal Caribbean have created apps that control lighting, curtains and TV in the cabins this can be accessed via the apps and can even be controlled by voice recognition, alongside this the apps can also be used to manage dining, shore excursions and on-board spending.

AI - AI is being used to enhance guests experience by personalizing internees for them including dining, meal recommendations and curating shore experiences, this is accessibly to guests and also crew to assist.

sustainable technology - many ships are beginning to adapt to sustainable technology to reduce emissions, the technology includes a range of things such as hybrid power, by using a mix of electric and fuel it provides a silent, emission free cruise they do this by When docked, ships can plug into a port’s electrical grid, turning off engines to reduce pollution. Some ships also recycle waste heat from engines to power other onboard systems, improving energy efficiency.