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Climate refers to the long-term patterns of temperature, humidity, precipitation, and other atmospheric conditions in a specific region over a long period (usually 30 years or more). It differs from weather, which represents short-term changes. Climate helps determine the types of ecosystems and living conditions in an area.

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Latitude:

Determines the amount of solar energy a region receives. Areas near the equator are warmer; near the poles are colder.

Altitude:

Higher altitudes are cooler because the atmosphere is thinner and less able to retain heat.

Ocean Currents:

Warm or cold currents influence coastal temperatures, making them milder or more extreme.

Wind and Air Circulation:

Wind patterns distribute heat and moisture, affecting regional climates (e.g., trade winds, jet streams).

Proximity to Water Bodies:

Water has a high heat capacity, so coastal areas experience milder temperatures compared to inland areas.

Topography (Landforms):

Mountains can block air masses and create rain shadows (dry areas on the leeward side).

Vegetation:

Forests and plants influence local climate by absorbing CO₂, releasing water vapor, and affecting temperature.

Human Activities:

Urbanization, deforestation, and pollution (especially greenhouse gases) are changing global climate patterns.

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Five factors affect climate. These are summarised below.

Temperature range increases with distance from the equator. Also, temperatures decrease as you move away from the equator because the sun's rays are dispersed over a larger land area as you move away from the equator due to the Earth's curved surface.

Temperatures decrease with height as the air is less dense and cannot hold heat as well. As a result, the temperature usually drops by 1°C for every 100 metres in altitude.

If winds have been blown from a hot area, they will raise temperatures. If winds have originated from cold regions, they will lower temperatures. In the UK, winds originating from the south tend to be warm, whereas those from the north bring cold air. Air masses have a significant influence on the climate of the UK.

Distance from the sea (continentality)

Land heats and cools faster than the sea. Therefore coastal areas have a lower temperature range than those areas inland. On the coast, winters are mild, and summers are cool. In inland areas, temperatures are high in the summer and cold in the winter. Despite London and Moscow being on similar lines of latitude, London experiences much milder winters and cooler summers than Moscow due to its proximity to the sea.

Slopes facing the sun are warmer than those that are not. Therefore, south-facing slopes in the northern hemisphere are usually warm. However, slopes facing north in the southern hemisphere are warmest.

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What factors affect climate? There are 5 factors which affect climate. They are lattitude, altitude, wind, distance from the sea and aspect.

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Rising Temperatures:

Global warming leads to heatwaves, affecting agriculture, human health, and ecosystems.

Melting Ice and Snow:

Glaciers and polar ice melt, contributing to sea level rise, threatening coastal communities.

Sea Level Rise:

Coastal flooding and erosion disrupt ecosystems, human settlements, and infrastructure.

Extreme Weather Events:

Increased frequency of storms, droughts, floods, and hurricanes disrupt agriculture and cause loss of life.

Changes in Ecosystems:

Shifting temperature and rainfall patterns cause species to migrate or face extinction, impacting biodiversity.

Ocean Acidification:

Increased CO₂ leads to more acidic oceans, threatening marine life like coral reefs and shellfish.

Food and Water Security:

Changing climates affect crop yields and water supply, leading to potential shortages and increased food prices.

Health Risks:

Heat stress, malnutrition, and the spread of diseases (e.g., malaria, dengue) are worsened by climate change.

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Higher average temperatures

This change in global average temperature-seemingly small but consequential and climbing-means that, each summer, we are likely to experience increasingly sweltering heat waves. Even local news meteorologists are starting to connect strings of record-breaking days to new long-term trends, which are especially problematic in regions where infrastructure and housing have not been built with intensifying heat in mind. And heat waves aren't just uncomfortable-they're the leading cause of weather-related fatalities in the United States.

Longer-lasting droughts

Hotter temperatures increase the rate at which water evaporates from the air, leading to more severe and pervasive droughts. Already, climate change has pushed the American West into a severe "megadrought"-the driest 22-year stretch recorded in at least 1,200 years-shrinking drinking water supplies, withering crops, and making forests more susceptible to insect infestations. Drought can also create a positive feedback loop in which drier soil and less plant cover cause even faster evaporation.

More intense wildfires

This drier, hotter climate also creates conditions that fuel more vicious wildfire seasons-with fires that spread faster and burn longer-putting millions of additional lives and homes at risk. The number of large wildfires doubled between 1984 and 2015 in the western United States. And in California alone, the annual area burned by wildfires increased 500 percent between 1972 and 2018.

From the poles to the tropics, climate change is disrupting ecosystems. Even a seemingly slight shift in temperature can cause dramatic changes that ripple through food webs and the environment.

Melting sea ice

The effects of climate change are most apparent in the world's coldest regions-the poles. The Arctic is heating up twice as fast as anywhere else on earth, leading to the rapid melting of glaciers and polar ice sheets, where a massive amount of water is stored. As sea ice melts, darker ocean waters that absorb more sunlight become exposed, creating a positive feedback loop that speeds up the melting process. In just 15 years, the Arctic could be entirely ice-free in the summer.

Sea level rise

Scientists predict that melting sea ice and glaciers, as well as the fact that warmer water expands in volume, could cause sea levels to rise as much as 3.61 feet by the end of the century, should we fail to curb emissions. The extent (and pace) of this change would devastate low-lying regions, including island nations and densely populated coastal cities like New York City and Mumbai.

But sea level rise at far lower levels is still costly, dangerous, and disruptive. Scientists predict that the United States will see a foot of sea level rise by 2050, which will regularly damage infrastructure, like roads, sewage treatment plants, and even power plants. Beaches that families have grown up visiting may be gone by the end of the century. Sea level rise also harms the environment, as encroaching seawater can both erode coastal ecosystems and invade freshwater inland aquifers, which we rely on for agriculture and drinking water. Saltwater incursion is already reshaping life in nations like Bangladesh, where one-quarter of the lands lie less than 7 feet above sea level.

Flooding

In addition to coastal flooding caused by sea level rise, climate change influences the factors that result in inland and urban flooding: snowmelt and heavy rain. As global warming continues to both exacerbate sea level rise and extreme weather, our nation's floodplains are expected to grow by approximately 45 percent by 2100. In 2022, deadly flooding in Pakistan-which inundated as much as a third of the country-resulted from torrential rains mixed with melting glaciers and snow.

Warmer ocean waters and marine heat waves

Temperature-sensitive fish and other marine life are already changing migration patterns toward cooler and deeper waters to survive, sending food webs and important commercial fisheries into disarray. And the frequency of marine heat waves has increased by more than a third. These spikes have led to mass die-offs of plankton and marine mammals.

To make matters worse, the elevated absorption of carbon dioxide by the ocean leads to its gradual acidification, which alters the fundamental chemical makeup of the water and threatens marine life that has evolved to live in a narrow pH band. Animals like corals, oysters, and mussels will likely feel these effects first, as acidification disrupts the calcification process required to build their shells.

Ecosystem stressors

Land-based ecosystems-from old-growth forests to savannahs to tropical rainforests-are faring no better. Climate change is likely to increase outbreaks of pests, invasive species, and pathogen infections in forests. It's changing the kinds of vegetation that can thrive in a given region and disrupting the life cycles of wildlife, all of which is changing the composition of ecosystems and making them less resilient to stressors. While ecosystems have the capacity to adapt, many are reaching the hard limits of that natural capacity. More repercussions will follow as temperatures rise.

Climate change appears to be triggering a series of cascading ecological changes that we can neither fully predict nor, once they have enough momentum, fully stop. This ecosystem destabilization may be most apparent when it comes to keystone species that have an outsize- role in holding up an ecosystem's structure.

Less predictable growing seasons

In a warming world, farming crops is more unpredictable-and livestock, which are sensitive to extreme weather, become harder to raise. Climate change shifts precipitation patterns, causing unpredictable floods and longer-lasting droughts. More frequent and severe hurricanes can devastate an entire season's worth of crops. Meanwhile, the dynamics of pests, pathogens, and invasive species-all of which are costly for farmers to manage-are also expected to become harder to predict. This is bad news, given that most of the world's farms are small and family-run. One bad drought or flood could decimate an entire season's crop or herd. For example, in June 2022, a triple-digit heat wave in Kansas wiped out thousands of cows. While the regenerative agriculture movement is empowering rural communities to make their lands more resilient to climate change, unfortunately, not all communities can equitably access the support services that can help them embrace these more sustainable farming tactics.

Reduced soil health

Healthy soil has good moisture and mineral content and is teeming with bugs, bacteria, fungi, and microbes that in turn contribute to healthy crops. But climate change, particularly extreme heat and changes in precipitation, can degrade soil quality. These impacts are exacerbated in areas where industrial, chemical-dependent monoculture farming has made soil and crops less able to withstand environmental changes.

Food shortages

Ultimately, impacts to our agricultural systems pose a direct threat to the global food supply. And food shortages and price hikes driven by climate change will not affect everyone equally: Wealthier people will continue to have more options for accessing food, while potentially billions of others will be plummeted into food insecurity-adding to the billions that already have moderate or severe difficulty getting enough to eat.

Many species' behaviors-mating, feeding, migration-are closely tied to subtle seasonal shifts, as in temperature, precipitation level, and foliage. In some cases, changes to the environment are happening quicker than species are able to adapt. When the types and quantity of plant life change across a region, or when certain species bloom or hatch earlier or later than in the past, it impacts food and water supplies and reverberates up food chains.

Ultimately, the way climate change impacts weather, the environment, animals, and agriculture affects humanity as well. But there's more. Around the world, our ways of life-from how we get our food to the industries around which our economies are based-have all developed in the context of relatively stable climates. As global warming shakes this foundation, it promises to alter the very fabric of society. At worst, this could lead to widespread famine, disease, war, displacement, injury, and death. For many around the world, this grim forecast is already their reality. In this way, climate change poses an existential threat to all human life.

Human health

Insect-borne diseases like malaria and Zika become more prevalent in a warming world as their carriers are able to exist in more regions or thrive for longer seasons. In the past 30 years, the incidence of Lyme disease from ticks has nearly doubled in the United States. Thousands of people face injury, illness, and death every year from more frequent or more intense extreme weather events. At a 2-degree Celsius rise in global average temperature, an estimated one billion people will face heat stress risk. In the summer of 2022 alone, thousands died in record-shattering heat waves across Europe. Weeks later, dozens were killed by record-breaking urban flooding in the United States and Korea-and more than 1,500 people perished in the flooding in Pakistan, where resulting stagnant water and unsanitary conditions threaten even more.

The effects of climate change-and the looming threat of what's yet to come-take a significant toll on mental health too. One recent study ( the largest of its kind to date) surveyed 10,000 young people from 10 different countries. Forty-five percent of respondents said that their feelings about climate change, varying from anxiety to powerlessness to anger, impacted their daily lives.

Worsening inequity

The climate crisis exacerbates existing inequities. Though wealthy nations, such as the United States, have emitted the lion's share of historical greenhouse gas emissions, it's developing countries that may lack the resources to adapt and will now bear the brunt of the climate crisis. In some cases, low-lying island nations-like many in the Pacific -may cease to exist before developed economies make meaningful reductions to their carbon emissions.

Even within wealthier nations, disparities will continue to grow between those rich enough to shield themselves from the realities of climate change and those who cannot. Those with ample resources will not be displaced from their homes by wars over food or water-at least not right away. They will have homes with cool air during heat waves and be able to easily evacuate when a hurricane is headed their way. They will be able to buy increasingly expensive food and access treatment for respiratory illness caused by wildfire smoke. Billions of others can't-and are paying the highest price for climate pollution they did not produce.

Hurricane Katrina, for example, displaced more than one million people around the Gulf Coast. But in New Orleans, where redlining practices promoted racial and economic segregation, the city's more affluent areas tended to be located on higher ground-and those residents were able to return and rebuild much faster than others.

Displacement

Climate change will drive displacement due to impacts like food and water scarcities, sea level rise, and economic instability. It's already happening. The United Nations Global Compact on Refugees recognizes that "climate, environmental degradation and disasters increasingly interact with the drivers of refugee movements." Again, communities with the fewest resources-including those facing political instability and poverty-will feel the effects first and most devastatingly.

Economic impacts

Recovering from the destruction wrought by extreme weather like hurricanes, flash floods, and wildfires is also getting more expensive every year. In 2021, the price tag of weather disasters in the United States totaled $145 billion-the third-costliest year on record, including a number of billion-dollar weather events.

Future Effects of Climate Change

The first wave of impacts can already be felt in our communities and seen on the nightly news. In the near future, between 2030 and 2050, climate change is expected to cause an additional 250,000 deaths per year from things like malnutrition, insect-borne diseases, and heat stress. And the World Bank estimates that climate change could displace more than 140 million people within their home countries in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America by 2050.

But the degree to which the climate crisis upends our lives depends on whether global leaders decide to chart a different course. If we fail to curb greenhouse gas emissions, scientists predict a catastrophic 4.3 degrees Celsius, (or around 8 degrees Fahrenheit) of warming by the end of the century. What would a world that warm look like? Wars over water. Crowded hospitals to contend with spreading disease. Collapsed fisheries. Dead coral reefs. Even more lethal heat waves. These are just some of the impacts predicted by climate scientists.

Climate mitigation, or our ability to reverse climate change and undo its widespread effects, hinges on the successful enactment of policies that yield deep cuts to carbon pollution, end our dependence on dangerous fossil fuels and the deadly air pollution they generate, and prioritize the people and ecosystems on the frontlines. And these actions must be taken quickly in order to ensure a healthier present day and future. In one of its latest reports, the IPCC presented its most optimistic emissions scenario, in which the world only briefly surpasses 1.5 degrees of warming but sequestration measures cause it to dip back below by 2100. Climate adaptation, a term that refers to coping with climate impacts, is no longer optional; it's necessary, particularly for the world's most vulnerable populations.

By following the urgent warnings of the IPCC and limiting warming, we may be able to avoid passing some of the critical thresholds that, once crossed, can lead to potentially irreversible, catastrophic impacts for the planet, including more warming. These thresholds are known as climate tipping points and refer to when a natural system "tips" into an entirely different state. One example would be Arctic permafrost, which stores carbon like a freezer: As the permafrost melts from warming temperatures, it releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Importantly, climate action is not a binary pass-fail test. Every fraction of a degree of warming that we prevent will reduce human suffering and death, and keep more of the planet's natural systems intact. The good news is that a wide range of solutions exist to sharply reduce emissions, slow the pace of warming, and protect communities on the frontlines of climate impacts. Climate leaders the world over-those on major political stages as well as grassroots community activists-are offering up alternative models to systems that prioritize polluters over people. Many of these solutions are rooted in ancestral and Indigenous understandings of the natural world and have existed for millennia. Some solutions require major investments into clean, renewable energy and sustainable technologies. To be successful, climate solutions must also address intersecting crises-like poverty, racism, and gender inequality -that compound and drive the causes and impacts of the climate crisis. A combination of human ingenuity and immense political will can help us get there.

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A rapidly warming planet poses an existential threat to all life on earth. Just how bad it gets depends on how quickly we act.

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HOW TO ADAPT ACCORDINGLY IN CLIMATE CHANGE?

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HOW TO ADAPT ACCORDINGLY IN CLIMATE CHANGE?

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Improve Infrastructure:

Build resilient buildings and flood defenses to withstand extreme weather events and rising sea levels.

Sustainable Agriculture:

Use drought-resistant crops, adopt water-efficient irrigation, and practice crop rotation to adapt to changing rainfall patterns.

Water Management:

Implement rainwater harvesting, desalination, and better water conservation practices to ensure a stable supply of water.

Disaster Preparedness:

Develop early warning systems, create evacuation plans, and build community awareness for extreme events like floods and storms.

Biodiversity Protection:

Preserve ecosystems like forests and wetlands to help buffer against climate impacts, support wildlife, and reduce CO₂ levels.

Renewable Energy:

Transition to clean energy sources like solar, wind, and geothermal to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lower carbon emissions.

Urban Planning:

Design cities with green spaces, better public transport, and energy-efficient buildings to reduce urban heat and pollution.

Education and Awareness:

Educate communities about the impacts of climate change and promote sustainable practices like reducing waste and conserving resources.

Health Systems:

Strengthen healthcare infrastructure to handle heat-related illnesses, vector-borne diseases, and other health impacts from climate change.

Policy Advocacy:

Support climate policies, carbon pricing, and international agreements like the Paris Agreement to combat global warming collectively.

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HOW TO ADAPT ACCORDINGLY IN CLIMATE CHANGE?