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Brazil is making notable strides in environmental and biological sciences, especially in the study and preservation of the Amazon rainforest. Brazilian scientists are also leading research in bioenergy and sustainable agriculture. The country’s diverse ecosystems provide unique opportunities for scientific exploration and biodiversity studies.

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Greece Ancient Greece laid the foundations of Western science and philosophy. Contributions from ancient scholars such as Aristotle, who made pioneering observations in biology and physics, and Hippocrates, the father of medicine, have profoundly influenced various scientific disciplines. Greek advancements in astronomy, mathematics, and natural sciences are still celebrated today.

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Russia has a rich history in science and technology. It made significant contributions in space exploration, including launching the first human, Yuri Gagarin, into space. Russian scientists like Dmitri Mendeleev, who created the periodic table, and Sergey Korolev, a pioneer of rocket engineering, have left an indelible mark on science.

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Germany has been a powerhouse in scientific research and innovation. Notable contributions include the development of quantum mechanics by Werner Heisenberg, and Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. Germany is also known for advancements in engineering, chemistry, and medicine, with institutions like the Max Planck Society leading groundbreaking research.

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The United Kingdom has made significant contributions to science, producing 7% of the world's scientific research papers. Key figures include Sir Isaac Newton, who formulated the laws of motion and gravity, and Alexander Fleming, who discovered penicillin. The UK continues to be a leader in scientific research and innovation, impacting fields such as physics, biology, and medicine.

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The concept of zero and the decimal system were developed in ancient India. In his work around 628 AD, Mathematician Brahmagupta (598–668 AD) formalized the rules for arithmetic involving zero. The decimal system using a base of ten also originated in India and was transmitted through scholars, such as Al-Khwarizmi, to the Islamic world and Europe around 780–850 AD.

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Cosmic rays were discovered by an Austrian physicist named Victor Francis Hess. In 1912, Hess took a series of flights aboard high-altitude balloons to measure the radiation in the atmosphere. He established that, at higher altitudes, the intensities of ionizing radiation increased, challenging the prevailing theory that the radiation came from the Earth. This led him to conclude that the source of the radiation was from outer space, and he named these high-energy particles "cosmic rays." He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1936 for his groundbreaking discovery.

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The invention of the Sound Blaster is attributed to a Singaporean, Sim Wong Hoo and his company, Creative Technology. The first sound card of the kind was launched in 1989, and it gained wide recognition as the de facto standard for consumer audio on the IBM PC compatible platform. Sim Wong Hoo founded Creative Technology in 1981, and his technical contributions have been instrumental in computer audio innovation.

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The first wirelessly transmitting EKG heart rate monitor was invented by Seppo Säynäjäkangas, a Finnish professor, in 1977. He started the company Polar Electro, through which he developed and marketed this innovative device, which originally was designed as a training aid for the Finnish National Cross Country Ski team. This invention revolutionized the monitoring of athletes and individuals' heart rates while physically active.

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Denmark has been very prominent in science works and activities. One of the great contributors to this field was Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922 for his important work on atomic structure and quantum mechanics. Such features as his atomic model as well as the principle of complementarity had an enormous impact on the development of quantum physics.

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Miguel Servet discover the circulation of the blood 

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Miguel Servet discovered the circulation of the blood. In his 1553 work "Christianismi Restitutio", Servet described the pulmonary circulation, which showed how blood flows from the heart to the lungs and back, providing the first clear understanding of the circulatory system. This discovery was a major challenge to the long-held Galenic theories, which suggested that blood was produced in the liver and was absorbed by the body.

Servet's findings were critical in advancing the field of anatomy and physiology, but his work was controversial at the time, and he faced significant opposition from both religious and scientific authorities. Despite the challenges, his discovery laid the groundwork for later developments in cardiovascular science, influencing later scientists such as William Harvey, who refined the understanding of blood circulation in the 17th century. Miguel Servet's pioneering work remains one of Spain's most significant contributions to medical science.

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Marie Curie discovered radioactivity that lead to identify the radioactive elements such as polonium and radium.

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One of France's greatest scientific contributions is the discovery of radioactivity by Marie Curie. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Curie, along with her husband Pierre Curie, conducted pioneering research on radiation, leading to the identification of radioactive elements such as polonium and radium. Her groundbreaking work in physics and chemistry earned her two Nobel Prizes—one in Physics (1903) and another in Chemistry (1911), making her the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. Curie's discoveries not only advanced our understanding of atomic structure but also laid the foundation for significant advancements in medicine, including the development of cancer treatments using radiation therapy.

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One of the greatest scientific contributions of the United States is the development of the Internet, which traces its origins back to the 1960s with the creation of ARPANET, a project funded by the U.S. Department of Defense. Initially designed to connect researchers at different universities and government institutions, the technology quickly evolved, leading to the creation of a global network for communication and information exchange. The collaboration between scientists, engineers, and researchers in the U.S. led to the development of key protocols, such as TCP/IP, which formed the backbone of the modern Internet.

The Internet has had an unparalleled impact on the world, revolutionizing how people communicate, access information, conduct business, and engage in social and cultural activities. It has enabled the rapid sharing of knowledge, fostering innovation and progress across every discipline, from medicine to education to entertainment. The creation of the Internet is a testament to the United States' leadership in technological innovation and its role in shaping the modern digital age.

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One of Israel’s greatest scientific contributions is the invention and development of drip irrigation technology, introduced by Simcha Blass in the 1960s. This innovative system delivers water directly to plant roots through a network of tubes, ensuring efficient water usage and minimizing waste. Unlike traditional irrigation methods that result in significant evaporation and runoff, drip irrigation precisely measures and distributes water, making it ideal for farming in arid and semi-arid regions. It revolutionized agriculture globally, allowing countries with limited water resources to cultivate crops sustainably and enhance food security. Israel's early adoption of this technology was driven by its need to overcome water scarcity and maximize agricultural output in challenging desert environments.

Drip irrigation has had a profound impact on global farming practices and environmental sustainability. It reduces water usage by up to 50% compared to traditional methods, lowers energy consumption, and prevents soil degradation caused by overwatering. Today, this technology is used in over 100 countries and supports a wide range of crops, from fruits and vegetables to grains and flowers. Israel’s contribution has not only bolstered its reputation as a leader in agricultural innovation but has also fostered international collaboration by providing solutions to address the growing global challenges of water scarcity and food production. This groundbreaking achievement reflects Israel's commitment to creating sustainable solutions through science and technology.

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Israeli drip irrigation could change the way we grow rice

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Galileo Galilei is often considered the father of modern science for his groundbreaking contributions to astronomy, physics, and the scientific method. He revolutionized the field of astronomy by improving the telescope and using it to make remarkable discoveries. Galileo observed the moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and the mountains and craters on the Moon, all of which provided critical evidence supporting the heliocentric model of the solar system, which argued that the Earth and other planets orbit the Sun. These discoveries challenged the long-held geocentric view endorsed by the Catholic Church and set the stage for future developments in astronomy.

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The compass, one of China's Four Great Inventions, originated during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) with lodestone used for divination. By the Song Dynasty (960–1279), it evolved into a tool for navigation, with magnetized needles aiding maritime travel. This innovation spread globally, transforming exploration and navigation.

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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek- a Dutch microscopist. In his youth he was apprenticed to a draper; a later civil position allowed him to devote time to his hobby: grinding lenses and using them to study tiny objects. With his simple microscopes—skillfully ground, powerful single lenses capable of high image quality—he observed protozoa in rainwater and pond and well water and bacteria in the human mouth and intestine. He also discovered blood corpuscles, capillaries, and the structure of muscles and nerves, and in 1677 he first described the spermatozoa of insects, dogs, and humans. His research on lower animals argued against the doctrine of spontaneous generation, and his observations helped lay the foundations for the sciences of bacteriology and protozoology.

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SK Telecom launches 5G-based disinfection robot - The Korea TimesThe Korea Times

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One of the most amazing inventions from South Korea is Keemi, the world’s first 5G-based infection control robot with a real-time locating system. AI facial recognition technology allows Keemi to detect gatherings of four or more people and identify whether someone is wearing a mask, and also to issue verbal requests for social distancing and mask wearing in these situations. Equipped with ultraviolet light to sanitise surfaces for 24-hour infection control and a thermal camera for monitoring body temperature, the autonomous mobile unit is suited for use in a range of environments, including hospitals, airports and workplaces.

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Canadarm was the design marvel that placed Canada on the world map in the field of robotics development. It is a remote-controlled mechanical arm with NASA’s Space Shuttle Program that captured, deployed and repaired satellites, maintained equipment, positioned astronauts and moved cargo. Its flawless performance and innovative design set a new era for space engineering in the world.

It was designed in response to a need announced by NASA in the early 1970s. At that time, NASA was developing a new Space Transportation System: the space shuttle.

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Gamma Knife Radiosurgery - Taylor Family Department of NeurosurgeryNeurosurgery - Washington University

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Borje Larsson of the Gustaf Werner Institute, University of Uppsala, and Lars Leksell at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden - Swedish professors who developed the first gamma knife in 1967, which enables, for example, surgery on brain tumours without opening the skull.

The first procedure was performed at Sophiahemmet Hospital in Stockholm more than 50 years ago, and the technique is still used to treat various brain diseases, including tumours, vascular malformations, and severe pain conditions.

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Switzerland, 24 June 2021 - CUTISS AG, a Swiss clinical-stage life sciences company focused on skin regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, has unveiled the world’s first automated machine to produce customized skin tissue grafts for adults and children with severe skin injuries, such as deep burns.

Developed in collaboration with the leading Swiss research center CSEM, the denovoCast machine demonstrates the feasibility of automating the bio-engineered skin manufacturing process, and seeks to revolutionize the current available treatments for severe skin defects.

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Cutiss & CSEM collaboration: automated machine for skin grafts

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Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection (Charles Darwin)

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The Galápagos Islands have played a central role in advancing scientific understanding in many fields, particularly evolutionary biology, ecology, and conservation science. Their unique ecosystems continue to provide valuable opportunities for research on biodiversity, species adaptation, and environmental preservation. The islands' contributions to science are not only foundational to our understanding of evolution but also continue to shape conservation efforts and ecological studies today.

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Darwin and Natural Selection: Crash Course History of Science #22

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The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (c. 1550 BCE)

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The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus is one of the most important surviving documents of ancient Egyptian mathematics. It dates back to around 1550 BCE and is named after Alexander Henry Rhind, a Scottish antiquarian who purchased it in 1858. The papyrus, written in hieratic script (a cursive form of hieroglyphics), is a mathematical text that provides insights into Egyptian arithmetic, geometry, and practical problem-solving methods.

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Japan's most iconic contribution to science is the invention of the bullet train (Shinkansen) in 1964. It revolutionized transportation with its high-speed, energy-efficient design and advanced safety features, setting a global standard for modern rail systems.

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japan bullet train full speed 4800 km/h#short video

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Dr. Fe del Mundo, a pioneering Filipino pediatrician, invented the bamboo incubator, a low-cost and portable device designed to regulate the body temperature of premature and low-birth-weight babies in rural areas without access to electricity.

The incubator uses locally available materials like bamboo and hot water bottles for warmth, making it an affordable and practical solution that has saved countless newborn lives, particularly in resource-constrained communities.