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Group A) Which of the following statements about base pairing in DNA is incorrect?

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Group A) Which of the following statements about base pairing in DNA is incorrect?

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a. Purines always base pairs with pyrimidines X
b. Adenine binds to guanines
c. Base pairs are stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
d. Base pairing occurs at the interior of the double helix.

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Group A) During denaturation of DNA, which of the following happens?

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Group A) During denaturation of DNA, which of the following happens?

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a. Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases break X
b. Phosphodiester bonds break within the sugar-phosphate backbone.
c. Hydrogen bonds within the sugar-phosphate backbone break.
d. Phosphodiester bonds between complementary bases break.

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Group A) One similarity between DNA and messenger RNA molecules is that they both contain 

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Group A) One similarity between DNA and messenger RNA molecules is that they both contain 

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a. the same sugar
b. genetic codes based on sequences of bases X
c. a nitrogenous base known as uracil
d. double-stranded polymers

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a. Contain ribose instead of deoxyribose X
b. Are less abundant than DNA in cells
c. Can be processed in different ways
d. Are usually more than 3000 nucleotides long
e. Are more stable than DNA molecules

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Group A) What does the cold ethanol do during genomic DNA extraction? 

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Group A) What does the cold ethanol do during genomic DNA extraction? 

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Answer: Due to the electrostatic attraction between the Na+ ions in
solution and the PO3– ions the DNA precipitates more easily

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Group A) Primer used for the process of polymerase chain reaction are ______________

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Group A) Primer used for the process of polymerase chain reaction are ______________

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a. Single stranded DNA oligonucleotide X
b. Double stranded DNA oligonucleotide
c. Single stranded RNA oligonucleotide
d.  Double stranded RNA oligonucleotide

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Group B) Thymine comprised 36% of the nitrogen bases present in a sample of double stranded DNA. What was the percentage of guanine in the sample? 

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Group B) Thymine comprised 36% of the nitrogen bases present in a sample of double stranded DNA. What was the percentage of guanine in the sample? 

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a. 14% X
b. 28%
c. 36%
d. 64%

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Group B) During denaturation of DNA, which of the following happens?

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Group B) During denaturation of DNA, which of the following happens?

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a. Hydrogen bonds between complementary bases break X
b. Phosphodiester bonds break within the sugar-phosphate backbone.
c. Hydrogen bonds within the sugar-phosphate backbone break.
d. Phosphodiester bonds between complementary bases break.

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Group B) Name the RNA molecules which is used to carry genetic information copied from DNA? 

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Group B) Name the RNA molecules which is used to carry genetic information copied from DNA? 

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a. tRNA
b. mRNA X
c. rRNA
d. snRNA

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a. Make up ≈ 20% of all RNA in a cell
b. Are involved in synthesis of proteins X
c. Are molecules that normally are not processed X
d. Bind ribosomal proteins X

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Group B) Why is it important to denature proteins during gDNA extraction?

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Group B) Why is it important to denature proteins during gDNA extraction?

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Answer: Histones(proteins) create a dense DNA structure, which is not readily accessible. So to be able to get to the base pairs, we need to destroy that structure(->denaturize histones). Also, other proteins could interfere with our experimental procedure, so it's better to deactivate them.

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Group B) Which of the following is a distinct advantage of the solid phase isolation technique? 

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Group B) Which of the following is a distinct advantage of the solid phase isolation technique? 

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a. Less expensive
b. More rapid and effective X
c. Doesn't require columns or beads
d. Doesn't require cell lysis

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Group C) DNA strands run _____ in relation to each other.

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Group C) DNA strands run _____ in relation to each other.

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a. antiparallel X
b. parallel
c. perpendicular
d. both a and b

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Group C) A nucleotide in DNA is composed of _____.

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Group C) A nucleotide in DNA is composed of _____.

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a. only a deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate
b. only a deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogen base
c. a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base X
d. none of the above

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Group C) Which of the following RNA molecule convert information stored in the nucleic acid to protein?

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Group C) Which of the following RNA molecule convert information stored in the nucleic acid to protein?

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a. mRNA X
b. snRNA
c. rRNA
d. tRNA

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Group C) The major form of DNA in cells is:

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Group C) The major form of DNA in cells is:

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1. A-DNA
b. B-DNA X
c. C-DNA
d. Z-DNA

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Group C) What happens in the denaturation step of PCR?

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Group C) What happens in the denaturation step of PCR?

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a. The DNA nucleotides are broken apart.
b. The base-pairing rules for DNA are reversed.
c. The double-stranded DNA is separated into two single strands of DNA. X
d. The DNA is returned to its natural setting.

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Group C) Put the following types of naturally occurring RNA in order according to their abundance in cellular or total RNA. (First listed is most abundant) 

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Group C) Put the following types of naturally occurring RNA in order according to their abundance in cellular or total RNA. (First listed is most abundant) 

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a. tRNA, mRNA, rRNA
b. mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
c. rRNA, tRNA, mRNA X
d. tRNA, rRNA, mRNA

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Group D) Between the two strands of a DNA segment the nitrogen bases are held together by_____.

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Group D) Between the two strands of a DNA segment the nitrogen bases are held together by_____.

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a. covalent bonds
b. hydrogen bonds X
c. ionic bonds
d. metallic bonds

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Group D) Nitrogen bases pair with bases that are _____.

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Group D) Nitrogen bases pair with bases that are _____.

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a. available
b. complimentary x
c. identical
d. both b and c

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Group D) How many nitrogenous bases are there in DNA?	

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Group D) How many nitrogenous bases are there in DNA?	

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a.  1
b.  2
c.   3
d.   4  x

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Group D) Why do we crush the fruit and why do we add shampoo?

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Group D) Why do we crush the fruit and why do we add shampoo?

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Answer:
crush the fruit: remove the protective layer of the fruit and get the liquid out.
add shampoo: the break the membrane and release the DNA.

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Group D) What is the function of a primer? 

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Group D) What is the function of a primer? 

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a. To identify the particular region of DNA to be copied by PCR. X
b. To copy DNA.
c. To create DNA nucleotides.
d. To maintain the temperature of the PCR reaction.

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Group D) During the organic extraction technique in which genetic material is isolated from other cellular components, which layer is the nucleic acid found after phase separation? phase

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Group D) During the organic extraction technique in which genetic material is isolated from other cellular components, which layer is the nucleic acid found after phase separation? phase

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a. Interface phase
b. Lowermost phase
c. Uppermost phase X
d. Solid phase

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Group E) A	piece	of	double	stranded	DNA	has	30% A,	what	will	be	the	%	of	G? 

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Group E) A	piece	of	double	stranded	DNA	has	30% A,	what	will	be	the	%	of	G? 

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a. 30%
b. 40%
c. 20% X
d. 70%
e. not enough information to answer

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Group E) Genomic	DNA	is	transcribed resulting	in	the	production	of	mRNA. 

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Group E) Genomic	DNA	is	transcribed resulting	in	the	production	of	mRNA. 

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a. Transcribed, mRNA
b. Translated, tRNA
c. Transcribed, DNA
d. Translated, protein
e. Replicated, mRNA

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Group E) DNA looks like a “twisted ladder”.  If the “rungs” of the ladder are made up of nitrogenous bases, what are the hand rails or backbone of the ladder made up of?	

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Group E) DNA looks like a “twisted ladder”.  If the “rungs” of the ladder are made up of nitrogenous bases, what are the hand rails or backbone of the ladder made up of?	

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a.  Sugars and Salts
b.  Phosphates
c. Sugars
d. Sugars and Phosphates X

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Group E) After Phenol-chloroform-extraction and centrifugation (pH 4.2), your tube looks like this. Which fraction should you collect if you want the RNA

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Group E) After Phenol-chloroform-extraction and centrifugation (pH 4.2), your tube looks like this. Which fraction should you collect if you want the RNA

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a. Everything except the pink layer

b. The “fluffy”-looking interphase
c. The pink lower phase (organic phase)

d. The clear upper phase (aqueous phase) X

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Group E) Why does PCR require a specific type of polymerase?

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Group E) Why does PCR require a specific type of polymerase?

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answer: It has to be heat resistant/stable.

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Group E) Which type of phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol do you need to use to isolate RNA?

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Group E) Which type of phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol do you need to use to isolate RNA?

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25:24:1

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Group F) Which	of	the	following	statements	about	double-stranded	DNA	is	false? 

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Group F) Which	of	the	following	statements	about	double-stranded	DNA	is	false? 

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a. The backbone contains alternating sugar and phosphate groups.
b. The two strands have an antiparallel orientation.
c. The helix has two grooves called the major groove and the minor groove.
d. The bases are on the outside of the helix. XX
e. The strands are formed by nucleotides linked together via phosphodiester bonds

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Group F) DNA exists in a double-stranded form whereas RNA is mainly a single stranded molecule. What is the likely reason for DNA being double stranded?

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Group F) DNA exists in a double-stranded form whereas RNA is mainly a single stranded molecule. What is the likely reason for DNA being double stranded?

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a) RNA strands cannot form base pairs
b) Double stranded DNA is a more stable structure X
c) DNA cannot exist in the single stranded form
d) It is easier to replicate double stranded DNA than single stranded RNA

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Group F) Analysis of a sample of DNA found that 20% of the bases were adenine. 	What percentage of the bases would be pyrimidines?

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Group F) Analysis of a sample of DNA found that 20% of the bases were adenine. 	What percentage of the bases would be pyrimidines?

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a. 20%
b. 30%
c. 60%
d. 50% XX

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Group F) Why do we use ice-cold ethanol for gDNA extraction?

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Group F) Why do we use ice-cold ethanol for gDNA extraction?

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answer: Cooling the mixture is to prevent the DNA from being degraded by the heating.
To form bigger precipitation "pieces"

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Group F) How many cycles of PCR does it take to produce a double-stranded DNA fragment of the desired length?

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Group F) How many cycles of PCR does it take to produce a double-stranded DNA fragment of the desired length?

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a. 30-35 X
b. 1
c. 10
d. it depends on the length of the DNA fragment of interest

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The phosphate group of the backbone is negatively charged.