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However, there may be some differences when a single language is spoken in different countries, for example English language and its varieties.

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Own language: Rights and Understanding    

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Own language: Rights and Understanding    

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Increased migrations means that a growing number of people have links to two or more nations, maintaining in their own person the diversity of their origins.

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It would be worng to regard cultures as either static or neatly bounded. they are constantly changing.

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To raise awareness of the degree to which the meaning of behaviour is culturally relative, thus combating prejudice, and contributing to the improvement community relations and conflict resolution in general.

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In some cultures a nod of the nead means yes while in other means no.

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Academic theorizing vs lived experience.

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Academic theorizing vs lived experience.

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it is the differences which are often most salient in cross-cultural encounters.

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generations, social classes, sex, and different sexual orientations.

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Communication across different groups with different knowledge and values can be conceived of as being cross-cultural.

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The successful interpretation of language in context depends upon the degree to which the participants share conventions and procedures, which together with the values and beliefs which lie behind them, are elements of cultural knowledge.

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Any instance of communication belongs to one category of genre or another, or a mixture of several.

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- Conversations.
- Consultations.
-Lessons.
-Emails.
-Stories.
-Jokes.

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A class of communicative events which share some set of communicative purposes.

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What speakers intend to do with their words and what it is which makes this intention clear.

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Is the discipline which studies the knowledge and procedures wich enable people to understand each other's words.

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Language cannot be used for communication without paralanguage.

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Language cannot be used for communication without paralanguage.

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Writing has paralannguage (written words can be scribbled, printed or painted and accompanying by pictures, layout, etc)

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When we speak we do not only communicate through words. We also use different tone of voice, gestures, body movements, etc.

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3 areas of study

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Is the study of how stretches of language in context are perceived as meaningful and unified by their users.

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The role of applied linguisticsis to offer people informed insights about a language. So, people will be free to choose the variety they want to speak.

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Learning a culture of a specific language, would be both necessary and motivating.

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However, there are many contexts where language rights are denied and linguistics majorities impose upon minorities. Such conditions contribute to languages dying out completely.

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conbined with another kind of analysis too.

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To preserve culture, people have the right to educate their children in their own language.

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Applied linguistics developed Discourse Analysis

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Such factors are known as Context.

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Word-for-word translation is impossible if the aim is to make sense. Translation cannot be conducted at a purely linguistic level but must incorporate cultural and contextual factors too.

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The degree to which speakers do or do not share the same cultural background

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Sometimes, it is important not to use a literal translation but to mould what is said in one language to the conventions of another.

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The time and place

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Their age, sex and social status.

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The relationshop between speakers.

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Tone of voice and facial expression.

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enable us to take into account many relevant factors other than the words themselves

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For applied linguistics: analyses of language are relevant to understanding the experience of language in use.

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In linguistics: language is very obviously abstracted from experience in order to be better understood as a system.