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Hans & Zacharias Jansen (father & son, both spectacle makers) - invented the first compound microscope in 1590

Franceso Redi (Italian physician & poet) - in 1668, he discarded the theory of spontaneous generation as he determined that spoiled meat attracted but did not transform into flies. In 1668, this simple discovery was antecedent to the concept that cells can only come from other like-cells.

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Jan Baptist van Helmont (1612)

Belgian scientist, contributed to the cell theory by making an important early contribution to photosynthesis,  spontaneous generation.

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Robert Hooke discovered and named the building blocks of life- the cells in 1665. He published the book Micrographia in 1665 described dead cork tissue which looked similar to the "cells" of honeycomb.

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Discovered the
- vacuole of the cell
- Spermatozoa (1677)
- Banded patterns of the muscle fibers (1682)
- Infusoria (1674)
-  Bacteria in human mouth (1683)

Also made lenses with highest magnification of his time

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Theodar Schwann:(1839)

German physiologist who founded modern histology by defining the cell as the basic unit of animal structure.

Theodar Schwann published a work that had the first statement of cell theory: All living things are made up of cells
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In 1848, he investigated muscular contraction and nerve structure, discovering the striated muscle in the upper esophagus and the myelin sheath covering peripheral axons, now known as Schwann cells.

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Matthais Schleidan (1838) was the co-founder of cell theory. He started observing plant cells under a microscope and developed the rudimentary idea of cells in 1838. He was originally a lawyer then he pursued botany.

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Rudolf Virchow- Physician
In 1858, Virchow concluded his research with: "omnis cellula e cellula"
This saying summarises the idea that all cells are created from already existing cells

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Ernst Abbe (1878)
A German physicist who made contributions to the design of lenses for optical microscopy. Abbe's theory of image resolution had a huge impact on the design of the first electron microscope.

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Lazzaro Spallanzani was an Italian Catholic priest, and a physiologist.  In 1768 he researched the theory of the spontaneous generation of microbes. He preformed his experiments on soup in sealed containers from 1765-67 and proved the micro-organisms that spoiled the soup were air-born – further proof that cells can only reproduce like-cells.

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Rene Dutrochet proposed that all cells arose from old ones. (1824)

He suggested that the size of cell saps change due to the process of osmosis, which is something he is known for. (1826)

He also discovered the difference between plant and animal cells by explaining that  only cells containing chlorophyll can transform light energy into chemical energy. (1832)

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Walther Flemming carefully observed and documented the structure of the cell, and how the cell divides, therefore finding the study of cytogenesis.
He described the thread-like structures in the nucleus of the cell, that were later named chromosomes. He discovered Mitosis. He did this in 1879.

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ERNST RUSKA was a German physicist and academician .

In 1920s , it was established that electrons have waves shorter than those of light. He used this theory to invent the Electron Microscope with many small coils . The basic purpose of the microscope was to study objects which could be greatly magnified . He did this on January 1st 1933. Following this many other scientist like Virchow and Schleiden came up with their own theories about cells. He also won a noble prize for the same .

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Louis Pasteur was a French microbiologist and chemist known for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization. He is known for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and prevention of diseases in mid  and late 1800's.
Louis Pasteur – performed additional experiments on soup in the mid-1860s employing filtered air and flasks with straight necks and long S-shaped necks; he discovered air-borne microbes were able to infect the broth in regular flasks but bacteria settled at the top of the curve in the S-shaped flasks, leaving the soup unaffected.

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Carl Heinrich Braun  was a german botanist and based his research on the morphology of plants.

He reworks the cell theory in 1845 calling cells the basic unit of life.

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Ernst Ruska was a german physicist who won a nobel prize in physics for his work in  electron optics, including the design of the first electron microscope along with Max Knoll in 1931.

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Robert Brown (1831) was a Scottish botanist who is known for his pioneering use of the microscope. His contribution included one of the earliest descriptions of the cell nucleus in 1831.He was studying orchids under a microscope when he observed an opaque area, which he called the "areola" or "nucleus", in the cells of the flower's outer layer.