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Review

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English Grammar - Gerund or Infinitive_ (_I like s

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Marwa Al-madhagi

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Past Simple Tense - English grammar tutorial video lesson

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Review

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There wasThere were

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Review

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How to write A paragraph

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Nouns, article

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Important things to keep in mind when using nouns are which article to use and how to form the plural and how to form the possessive case.

Article

Direct article - the

example: the house

Indirect article a / an

a - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a consonant

example: a car, a university

an - if the first letter of the following word is pronounced like a vowel

example: an apple, an hour
Exercise on indirect articles Exercise on direct articles
Plural

general rule: singular form + s

example: a car - two cars

after s, ch, x, z the plural is formed by adding es

example: a box - two boxes

y after a consonant is changed to ie before the plural s

example: a city - two cities

But: y after a vowel is not changed

example: a boy - two boys

After o the plural is usually formed by adding es (this is not the case, however, with words used for electric gadgets and music: radio, video, disco)

example: a tomato - two tomatoes
Exercise - singular or plural?
Possessive Case of Nouns

If there is a relation to people when using the possessive case with unanimated things, often the s is added instead of using an of phrase.

example: Germany's economy or the ecomony of Germany

When using the possessive case with a time, s is added.

example: a three weeks' holiday
Exercise on the possessive case of nouns

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Nouns - Articles, Plural and Possessive Case

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Nouns - Articles, Plural and Possessive Case, short explanation and exercises

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The article

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Articles: A Complete Grammar Guide | Grammarly

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Articles are words that identify a as being specific or unspecific. Consider the following examples:

By using the article , we've shown that it was one specific day that was long and one specific cup of tea that tasted good.

By using the article , we've created a general statement, implying that any cup of tea would taste good after any long day.

English has two types of articles: definite and indefinite . Let's discuss them now in more detail.

The definite article

The definite article is the word . It limits the meaning of a noun to one particular thing. For example, your friend might ask, "Are you going to the party this weekend?" The definite article tells you that your friend is referring to a specific party that both of you already know about. The definite article can be used with singular, , or uncountable nouns. Below are some examples of the definite article, , used in context:

The indefinite article

The indefinite article takes two forms. It's the word when it precedes a word that begins with a consonant sound. It's the word when it precedes a word that begins with a vowel sound. The indefinite article indicates that a noun refers to a general idea or category of a thing rather than a specific thing.

For example, you might ask your friend, "Should I bring a gift to the party?" Your friend will understand that you are not asking about a specific type of gift or a specific item. "I am going to bring an apple pie," your friend tells you. Again, the indefinite article indicates that she is not talking about a particular apple pie. Your friend probably doesn't even have any pie yet. The indefinite article appears only with singular nouns. Consider the following examples of indefinite articles used in context:

As mentioned, the rule is to use before words that start with a consonant sound and before words that begin with a vowel sound. This can be tricky because some words that start with consonants don't start with a consonant sound; the same is true of some words that start with vowels. The first letter of the word , for example, is a consonant, but it's unpronounced. Despite its spelling, the word begins with a vowel sound. Therefore, we use . Consider the example sentence below for an illustration of this concept.

Similarly, when the first letter of a word is a vowel but is pronounced with a consonant sound, use , as in the sample sentence below:

An article before an adjective

Sometimes an article modifies a noun that is also modified by an . The usual word order is article + adjective + noun. If the article is indefinite, use or based on the word that immediately follows it. Consider the following examples for reference:

Indefinite articles with uncountable nouns

Uncountable nouns are nouns that are impossible to count, whether because they name intangible concepts (e.g., information , animal husbandry, wealth ), collections of things that are considered as wholes (e.g., , equipment, the working class ), or homogeneous physical substances(e.g., , , ). Although most of these nouns are singular in form, because they refer to things that can't be isolated and counted, they never take a or an. Uncountable nouns can be modified by indefinite adjectives like , however. Consider the examples below for reference:

is an uncountable noun and should not be used with the indefinite article.

If you describe the water in terms of a countable unit (like a bottle), you can use the indefinite article to modify the unit.

Note that depending on the context, some nouns can be countable or uncountable (e.g., hair, noise, time ):

Using articles with pronouns

Possessive - words like , , , , , and -can help identify whether you're talking about specific or nonspecific items. As we've seen, articles also indicate specificity. But if you use both a possessive pronoun and an article together, readers will become confused. Articles should not be used with pronouns. Consider the examples below:

and should not be used together, as they are both identifying the same noun. Instead, choose one or the other depending on the intended meaning:

Omission of articles

Occasionally, articles are omitted altogether before certain nouns. In these cases, the article is implied but not actually present. This implied article is sometimes called a "zero article." Often, the article is omitted before a noun that refers to an abstract idea. Look at the following examples:

Incorrect: The creativity is a valuable quality in children.

Tip: The words for many languages and nationalities are not preceded by an article.

Tip: Sports and academic subjects do not require articles.

Article FAQs

What is an article?

An article is a word that comes before a noun to show whether it's specific or general. Specific nouns use the article and general nouns use the article (or if the next word starts with a vowel sound).

What are definite and indefinite articles?

The definite article refers to something specific, and the indefinite article refers to something general. is the definite article and / is the indefinite article.

What is an example of an article in grammar?

" The hammer" refers to only one hammer, but " a hammer" refers to any hammer.

When should we not use articles?

We don't use the indefinite article with uncountable nouns, or any article with a possessive pronoun. Certain nouns such as nationalities, school subjects, and sports often don't take articles, especially when they refer to general or abstract ideas.

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What Are Articles in Grammar? Definition and Examples

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Articles are used to indicate whether a noun in a sentence is specific or general. This guide will help you learn more about the articles in English.

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The present Perfect

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test yourself in the present perfect tense.....

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Exercise on Present Perfect Simple :: page Default

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Present perfect: simple and continuous

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We use the present perfect simple (have/has + past participle) or present perfect continuous (have/has + been + -ing) to talk about a state or an activity that has a link to the present.
Oh, the present perfect! It's quite tricky!

Well, no, it's quite logical, but it does have different uses. We often use present perfect for talking about something which happened in the past which is important now.

My Chinese teacher has given me some homework. (= I have the homework to do now.)
I've forgotten. (= I can't remember now.)
She's broken her leg. (= Her leg is still broken now.)

We also use present perfect with just for talking about a recent action.
Oliver's just made a cake.
So that's important now because I could have some cake?

Yes, that could be the reason. But with just for recent actions we usually use present perfect, anyway.

OK, but why can't I say 'Ollie's been making a cake'?

You could, but then the focus would be more on the action rather than the result. Maybe you are explaining why the kitchen is in a mess. We use the present perfect simple more when there is a result in the present (like the cake) and the present perfect continuous more when the action is important.

Umm, OK. So you would say 'She's been travelling a lot recently.'

Exactly. Because we're more interested in the action than the result.

Is the present perfect only used for recent events?

No, not at all. We also use it for life experiences which happened at any time in the past. The person's life, which continues in the present, is the link to the present.
She's won an award.
Sophie has been to Berlin before.
So, she could have been to Berlin last month or ten years ago?

Exactly, we don't know when and it isn't important. If you wanted to say when, you would have to use the past simple: 'Sophie went to Berlin ten years ago.'

We also use the present perfect for actions or states that are unfinished.
Your mum's been writing her blog for years now, hasn't she?
She is still writing the blog now, so the action isn't complete.

Could I say 'She's written her blog for years'?

No. We usually use the present perfect continuous for talking about the length of time something goes on for, with phrases like for years, for a long time, etc.

What about using still, already and yet?

We use already to talk about something which has been done, and usually this is surprising to the speaker.
Wow, that was quick! You've finished your homework already.
Yet is mainly used in questions and negatives to talk about something which hasn't happened, but which you thought would happen in the past and you expect to happen in the future.

We use still to talk about something which is going on longer than you expect.
They've been doing things with that computer for ages, but they still haven't fixed it.
OK, I feel like I've been understanding more about the present perfect today.

Oh, sorry, you can't say 'I've been understanding'. Do you remember when we looked at the present continuous? There are certain verbs, called state verbs, which we don't usually use in the continuous form - verbs for talking about emotions, thinking, existing, appearing, possession and the senses.

Oh, yes. You gave me a list of them.

That's right, they're in the Grammar Snack on the present continuous.

Right, I'll look at them again. Well, we've been talking for ages ...

For a few minutes!

Yes, but I've learned a lot.

Excellent - you used present perfect continuous with a length of time and present perfect simple with a result!

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We use the present perfect simple (have/has + past participle) or present perfect continuous (have/has + been + -ing) to talk about a state or an activity that has a link to the present. Oh, the present perfect! It's quite tricky! Well, no, it's quite logical, but it does have different uses.

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Idioms

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English Idioms | Lists of Idioms with Definitions and Examples,

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English vocabulary lessons online. Idiomatic expressions - idioms with explanations and examples

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How many of these proverbs do you know?

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1B (past simple exercise)

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Zahed alreayani 1B (irregular-verbs in the past tense)

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Zahed alreayani 1B (irregular-verbs in the past tense)

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The explanation

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So how do I know which verbs are regular and which are irregular?

You have to learn them!

Learn them from the list? Oh no!

It's not so bad. There aren't really so many verbs to learn and remember that English is much easier than many languages. The past forms don't change.

I took a taxi to the airport. (take → took)
That was when we spoke. (speak → spoke)
One person gave me his last bar of chocolate. (give → gave)

I see what you mean. I made, you made, he made, she made, it made, we made, they made!

Exactly! They're all the same. And the negatives are all formed with did + not + the infinitive without to. The question forms are very similar: did + subject pronoun + the infinitive without to.
What did you do all day in the airport?
Did you have enough food?
We didn't think you would get home in time for your birthday.
OK, you're right, that's not too bad. Are there any exceptions?

Yes the verb to be. The past form is was for I, he, she and it, but were for you, we and they.

So what about this verb list?

Right, here it is!

Wow! OK, so how do I learn these verbs?

There are lots of things you can try:

Make cards to test yourself - put the infinitive on one side and the past on the other.

Write sentences with different verbs in them. Include some negatives.

Make up stories and record yourself. The story could just be about what you did last weekend.

Do practice activities online. You can start by doing the ones below on this page!

OK, I'm going to start learning them now!

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So how do I know which verbs are regular and which are irregular? You have to learn them! Learn them from the list? Oh no! It's not so bad. There aren't really so many verbs to learn and remember that English is much easier than many languages. The past forms don't change.

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1B (The simple past tense)

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Grammar Lessons - The Simple Past of Regular and Irregular Verbs.

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English Grammar lessons online. Learn how to use the simple past tense of regular and irregular verbs