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PlEaSe IMPROVE
When you give a quote ples include why you chose it, what does it mean to you?

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The action of checking or proving the validity or accuracy of something.

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YEEEeEeEe$eEEEEEEEET.      Yeeeet yeeet was here

This Page does not helpp At ALL!!:(

I AGREEEEEE

FAX

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William is ostracized and made fun of by villagers. Research TWO other inventors that faced humiliation from society Chapter 10

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William is ostracized and made fun of by villagers. Research TWO other inventors that faced humiliation from society Chapter 10

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Galileo and Copernicus

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Explain William’s role in using ART to combat ignorance about HIV/AIDs. He’s an inventor and activist:) Chapter 13

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Explain William’s role in using ART to combat ignorance about HIV/AIDs. He’s an inventor and activist:) Chapter 13

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They had a play in the trading center about how you can actually prevent it and you cant just say someone has aids by how they look

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DAKAR (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - Two former students from Burkina Faso have designed a mosquito-repellent soap, which they hope could be a simple and affordable solution in the fight to end malaria, but more funds are needed to test the idea, according to the startup behind it.

Moctar Dembélé and Gérard Niyondiko, the brains behind Faso Soap, were awarded a $25,000 prize for their invention in 2013 when they became the first African winners of the Global Social Venture Competition at the University of California Berkeley.

Yet Faso Soap must be tested to ensure it is safe for human use and effective at preventing malaria before it can be mass produced by soap manufacturers in Africa, said Franck Langevin, campaigns director for the Ouagadougou-based startup.

The soap, created from natural oils and plants, could prove successful in preventing malaria as it would be cheap and rely on existing habits of African households, Langevin said.

"People in Africa are very reluctant to change their habits, but soap is present in most homes, and is used for bathing, cleaning the house and washing clothes," he said.

The soap is designed to repel mosquitoes up to six hours after being applied, and once soapy water is thrown away on the street, hinder the insects from breeding in stagnant water.

"It is a simple and affordable weapon in the fight against malaria," Langevin told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.

Last month, Faso Soap launched a crowd funding appeal for $113,000 to finalize the development of the soap with the aim of distributing it in six African countries hardest-hit by malaria by 2018, working with soap manufacturers and aid agencies.

Last year, there were 214 million cases of malaria worldwide with the mosquito-borne disease killing 438,000 people, most of them in sub-Saharan Africa.

Jo Lines, reader of malaria control and vector biology at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, praised the idea behind the soap, but said it would be dangerous to rely on an untested product to protect against malaria.

As a social startup, Langevin said Faso Soap has struggled to attract funding from donors, including the World Health Organisation (WHO) and United Nations children's agency (UNICEF), prompting the inventors to turn to crowd funding.

World leaders committed to ending malaria by 2030 when they adopted the Sustainable Development Goals last year.

Europe last month became the first region to be declared malaria-free after reporting no indigenous cases in 2015, and a former WHO official said the world can eliminate the disease soon, but only with more investment to end and keep it at bay.

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Mosquito-repellent soap invention seeks to wash away Africa malaria threat

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Two former students from Burkina Faso have designed a mosquito-repellent soap, which they hope could be a simple and affordable solution in the fight to end malaria, but more funds are needed to test the idea, according to the startup behind it.

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 Identify TWO adjustments/edits William makes to the windmill Chapter 12

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 Identify TWO adjustments/edits William makes to the windmill Chapter 12

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(starting on pg. 227) Identify William’s failed “What’s next?”Chapter 13

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(starting on pg. 227) Identify William’s failed “What’s next?”Chapter 13

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One of Williams failures was the water pump

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(pg. 228-229) make a connection to Moto: These relate because its an alternative fuel that inst expensive or at all scarce

Definition: gaseous fuel, especially methane, produced by the fermentation of organic matter.

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Reflect on how William’s life is different with his functioning windmill Chapter 12

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Reflect on how William’s life is different with his functioning windmill Chapter 12

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Williams life is now different because he is able to stay up during the night and do tasks because he now has light he wasn't able to to do that without the windmill

Include how Mister Godsten the welder now views William: He received a lot more respect and credit for what he had done from Mister Godsten

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Name the Chapter: Maintaining The Windmill

One image:

Significant Quote: "Since my poor roof was made from wood and grass and could easily catch fire"

SIAS (Summary in a Sentence): In Chapter 12 TBWHTW what happened was that it wrote about how difficult it was to keep the windmill intact so it could keep working such as its blades and its belt.

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one image:

THREE facts about a step-up transformer:
A transformer that increases voltage from primary to secondary (more secondary winding turns than primary winding turns) is called a step-up transformer. Conversely, a transformer designed to do just the opposite is called a step-downtransformer.

THREE facts about Michael Faraday:

Michael Faraday was born in England on the 22nd of September 1791 and died on the 25th of August 1867.

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Name the chapter: Diseases

One image:

Significant Quote: (pg. 249) “In science we invent and create,’ I said. ‘We make new things that can benefit our situation. If we can all invent something and put it to work, we can change Malawi.”

SIAS (Summary in a Sentence): In Chapter 13 TBWHTW Many diseases are now being noticed such as HIV/AIDS and also Malaria. Williams mother became very sick due to getting bit by a mosquito at her parents house but she does end up living at the end of the chapter

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Electric Wind!!!!!!!!!!!:

One image:

Significant Quote: "I began putting everything together"

SIAS (Summary in a Sentence): William is putting together his windmill during this people are calling him crazy or saying "are you smoking weed"

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(pg. 240) “This wave of superstition and fear soon came to Wimbe.” List two examples of strange events occurring. WHY was William blamed? Chapter 13

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(pg. 240) “This wave of superstition and fear soon came to Wimbe.” List two examples of strange events occurring. WHY was William blamed? Chapter 13

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1.) A strange beast that killed people and if you shot it, it just split in 2 and one day it just ended up dead

2.) people were sneaking into others houses and stealing their private parts forcefully

3.) large black cloud people expected rain but their was none because it blew away so fast, people blamed this on williams windmill because they thought his windmill was blowing it away and that william wanted that to happen

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one image:

THREE facts/uses:
1.)

A circuit breaker is designed to "trip" so that the electrical flow is shut down when a fault is detected. On a small scale, this prevents a surge of electricity from damaging electrical appliances. A circuit breaker can also protect you, your home, and even your entire city from the potential damage caused by electricity.

A circuit breaker acts a bit like a fuse but can be used more than once. A fuse is a thin piece of wire that breaks the circuit by melting if too much current flows through it. A circuit breaker can be reset, either manually or automatically. It monitors current flow and, when it detects an unsafe level, it trips a switch that breaks the circuit.

The most common type of circuit breaker is a bi-metal thermal circuit breaker. It carries electrical current through two different types of metal, one expands more quickly than the other when hot. The expanding metal bends so that it opens a linkage and the current cannot flow. As the metal cools, it returns to its original position and automatically completes the circuit again.

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What is hopeful about the ending of Chapter 8?

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What is hopeful about the ending of Chapter 8?

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What was hopeful at the end of Chapter 8 was that William was finally able to eat without having to worry about famine and managing his food rations to survive he could finally eat. : )

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Reflect on Kamkwamba’s decision to kill his dog Chapter 8

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Reflect on Kamkwamba’s decision to kill his dog Chapter 8

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I feel that Williams decision was terrible because the dog died cold and alone thats no way to die you should be around loved ones and close friends

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Identify any other use of figurative language from Chapter 8. Include:Chapter 8

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Identify any other use of figurative language from Chapter 8. Include:Chapter 8

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specific literary device: Metaphor

direct quote: "Were saying its time to be a man"

pg. number: pg 144

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Define EPIDEMIC: a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.

Define cholera: an infectious and often fatal bacterial disease of the small intestine, typically contracted from infected water supplies and causing severe vomiting and diarrhea.

FIVE facts about cholera: symptoms include
1.) Nausea
2.) Vomiting
3.) Muscle Cramps
4.) Dehydration
5) Shock

Pin infographic about cholera:

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Cholera facts

Cholera is a disease caused by bacteria that produce a watery diarrhea that can rapidly lead to dehydration.

Cholera symptoms and signs include a rapid onset of copious, smelly diarrhea that resembles rice water and may lead to signs of dehydration (for example, vomiting, wrinkled skin, low blood pressure, dry mouth, rapid heart rate).

Cholera is most frequently transmitted by water sources contaminated with the causative bacterium Vibrio cholerae, although contaminated foods, especially raw shellfish, may also transmit the cholera-causing bacteria.

Cholera is presumptively diagnosed by patient history and examination of stool for rice-water appearance and presence of V. cholerae-like organisms microscopically; definitive diagnosis is done by isolation and identification of V. cholerae from stool samples.

The main treatment for cholera is fluid and electrolyte replacement, both oral and IV. Antibiotics usually are used in severe infections in which dehydration has occurred.

The prognosis of cholera ranges from excellent to poor. Rapid treatment with fluid and electrolytes result in better outcomes while people with other health problems beside cholera or those who are not rapidly replenished with fluid treatments tend to have a poorer prognosis.

It's possible to prevent cholera with appropriate measures such as safe drinking water and non-contaminated foods; some protection can be obtained from oral vaccines while avoiding areas where cholera commonly occurs or has had a recent outbreak.

In June 2016, the FDA approved an oral vaccine for use in the U.S. for travelers to cholera-endemic areas to protect them from getting cholera; this oral vaccine is about 80% effective three months after a single oral dose in adults 18-64 years old.

What is cholera?

Cholera is an acute infectious disease caused by a bacterium, Vibrio cholerae ( V. cholerae), which usually results in a painless, watery diarrhea in humans. Some affected individuals have copious amounts of diarrhea and develop dehydration so severe it can lead to death. Most people who get the disease ingest the organisms through food or water sources contaminated with V. cholerae. Although symptoms may be mild, some previously healthy people will develop a copious diarrhea within about one to five days after ingesting the bacteria. Severe disease requires prompt medical care. Hydration (usually by IV for the very ill) of the patient, and antibiotics in some individuals, is the key to surviving the severe form of the disease.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has maps of current and past areas with cholera outbreaks (see WHO reference). It is estimated that about 1.4 million to 4.3 million people are infected worldwide each year, with approximately 28,000-142,000 deaths per year. Only about one in 10 people infected with cholera develop the typical signs and symptoms. Outbreaks of cholera in 2015-2016 include South Sudan, United Republic of Tanzania, and Kenya, with over 216 deaths and most recently, 121 people diagnosed with cholera in Iraq, their first outbreak since 2012 and in Cuba, the first outbreak in over 130 years.

The term cholera has a long history (see history section below) and has been assigned to several other diseases. For example, fowl or chicken cholera is a disease that can rapidly kill chickens and other avian species rapidly with a major symptom of diarrhea. However, the disease-causing agent in fowl is Pasteurella multocida, a gram-negative bacterium. Similarly, pig cholera (also termed hog or swine cholera) can cause rapid death (in about 15 days) in pigs with symptoms of fever, skin lesions, and seizures. This disease is caused by a pestivirus termed CSFV (classical swine fever virus). Neither one of these animal diseases are related to human cholera, but the terminology can be confusing.

What is the history of cholera?

Cholera has likely been affecting humans for many centuries. Reports of cholera-like disease have been found in India as early as 1000 AD. Cholera is a term derived from Greek khole (illness from bile) and later in the 14th century to colere (French) and choler (English). In the 17th century, cholera was a term used to describe a severe gastrointestinal disorder involving diarrhea and vomiting. There were many outbreaks of cholera, and by the 16th century, some were being noted in historical writings. England had several in the 19th century, the most notable being in 1854, when Dr. John Snow did a classic study in London that showed a main source of the disease (resulting in about 500 deaths in 10 days) came from at least one of the major water sources for London residents termed the "Broad Street pump." The pump handle was removed, and the cholera deaths slowed and stopped. The pump is still present as a landmark in London. Although Dr. Snow did not discover the cause of cholera, he did show how the disease could be spread and how to stop a local outbreak. This was the beginning of modern epidemiologic studies. The last reference shows the map Dr. Snow used to identify the pump site.

V. cholerae was first isolated as the cause of cholera by Filippo Pacini in 1854, but his discovery was not widely known until Robert Koch (who also discovered the cause of tuberculosis), working independently 30 years later, publicized the knowledge and the means of fighting the disease. The history of cholera repeats itself. The U.S. National Library of Medicine houses original documents about multiple cholera outbreaks in the U.S. from the 1820s to the 1900s, with the last large outbreak in 1910-1911. Since the 1800s, there have been seven cholera pandemics (worldwide outbreaks).

Cholera riots occurred in Russia and England (1831) and in Germany (1893) when the people rebelled against strict government isolation (quarantines) and burial rules. In 2008, cholera riots broke out in Zimbabwe as police tried to disperse people who tried to withdraw funds from banks and were protesting because of the collapse of the health system that began with a cholera outbreak. Similar but less violent public protests have occurred when yellow fever, typhoid fever, and tuberculosis quarantines have been enforced by health authorities.

Multiple outbreaks worldwide continue into the 21st century with outbreaks in India, Iran, Vietnam, and several African countries occurring over the last 10 years (some recent outbreaks occurred in Haiti and Nigeria in 2010-2011, and Cuba in 2016). Why is cholera history repeating itself? The answer can be traced back to Dr. Snow's studies that show a source (water or occasionally food) contaminated with V. cholerae can easily and rapidly transmit the cholera-causing bacteria to many people. Until safe water and food is available to all humans, it is likely that cholera outbreaks will continue to happen.

What are cholera symptoms and signs?

The symptoms and signs of cholera are a watery diarrhea that often contains flecks of whitish material (mucus and some gastrointestinal lining [epithelial] cells) that are about the size of pieces of rice. The diarrhea is termed "rice-water stool" (See figure 1) and smells "fishy." The volume of diarrhea can be enormous; high levels of diarrheal fluid such as 250 cc per kg or about 10 to 18 liters over 24 hours for a 154-pound adult can occur. People may go on to develop one or more of the following symptoms and signs:

Watery diarrhea (sometimes in large volumes)

Rice-water stools (see figure 1)

Fishy odor to stools

Vomiting

Rapid heart rate

Loss of skin elasticity (washer woman hands sign; see figure 2)

Dry mucous membranes (dry mouth)

Low blood pressure

Thirst

Muscle cramps (leg cramps, for example)

Restlessness or irritability (especially in children)

Unusual sleepiness or tiredness

Other symptoms that may occur, especially with more severe disease, include the following:

Those infected require immediate hydration to prevent these symptoms from continuing because these signs and symptoms indicate that the person is becoming or is dehydrated and may go on to develop severe cholera. People with severe cholera (about 5%-10% of previously healthy people; higher if a population is compromised by poor nutrition or has a high percentage of very young or elderly people) can develop severe dehydration, leading to acute renal failure, severe electrolyte imbalances (especially potassium and sodium), and coma. If untreated, this severe dehydration can rapidly lead to shock and death. Severe dehydration can often occur four to eight hours after the first liquid stool, ending with death in about 18 hours to a few days in undertreated or untreated people. In epidemic outbreaks in underdeveloped countries where little or no treatment is available, the mortality (death) rate can be as high as 50%-60%.

Figure 1: Rice-water stool from a patient with cholera; note the flecks of mucus precipitated at the bottom of the cup that resemble rice grains. SOURCE: CDC

Figure 2: Washer woman hands (loss of skin elasticity) are a sign of the dehydration seen in cholera. SOURCE: CDC

What causes cholera, and how is cholera transmitted?

Cholera is caused by the bacterium V. cholerae. This bacterium is Gram stain-negative, comma-shaped, and has a flagellum (a long, tapering, projecting part) for motility and pili (hairlike structures) used to attach to tissue. Although there are many V. cholerae serotypes that can produce cholera symptoms, the O groups O1 and O139, which also produce a toxin, cause the most severe symptoms of cholera. O groups consist of different lipopolysaccharides-protein structures on the surface of bacteria that are distinguished by immunological techniques.

The toxin produced by these V. cholerae serotypes is an enterotoxin composed of two subunits, A and B; the genetic information for the synthesis of these subunits is encoded on plasmids (genetic elements separate from the bacterial chromosome). In addition, another plasmid type encodes for a pilus (a hollow hairlike structure that supports bacterial attachment to human cells and facilitate the movement of toxin from V. cholerae into human cells). The enterotoxin causes human cells to extract water and electrolytes from the body (mainly the upper gastrointestinal tract) and pump it into the intestinal lumen where the fluid and electrolytes are excreted as diarrheal fluid. The enterotoxin is similar to toxin formed by bacteria that cause diphtheria in that both bacterial types secret the toxins into their surrounding environment where the toxin then enters the human cells. The bacteria are usually transmitted by drinking contaminated water, but the bacteria can also be ingested in contaminated food, especially seafood such as raw oysters.

What are risk factors for cholera, and where do cholera outbreaks occur?

Everyone who drinks or eats food that has not been treated to eliminate V. cholerae (liquids need to be chemically treated, boiled, or pasteurized, and foods need to be cleaned and cooked), especially in areas of the world where cholera is present, is at risk for cholera.

Outbreaks occur when there are disasters or other reasons for a loss of sanitary human waste disposal and the lack of safe fluids and foods for people to ingest. Haiti, a country that had not seen a cholera outbreak in over 50 years, had such circumstances develop in 2010 after a massive earthquake destroyed sanitary facilities and water and food treatment facilities for many Haitians. V. cholerae bacteria eventually contaminated primary water sources, resulting in over 530,000 people diagnosed with cholera that resulted in over 7,000 deaths. This cholera outbreak spread to Haiti's neighbor, the Dominican Republic. The Vibrio cholerae strain was closely related to a strain found in Nepal and leads some individuals to blame Nepalese troops that helped with the earthquake disaster as the source of the Haiti cholera outbreak.

In third-world countries, hunger can lead people to inadvertently eat contaminated food and/or drink contaminated water, thus raising the risk for cholera to infect malnourished populations.

There is some evidence that V. cholerae can survive in saltwater and have been isolated from shellfish; eating raw oysters is considered a risk factor for cholera, especially in underdeveloped countries and occasionally even in developed countries. A few people are diagnosed with cholera every year in the U.S. Most of the individuals diagnosed are travelers who were exposed to cholera outside the country, but occasionally, isolated cases are traced to contaminated seafood, usually from states that border the Gulf of Mexico.

Some individuals are at higher risk to become infected than others. People who are malnourished or immune-compromised are more likely to get the disease. Children ages 2-4 seem more susceptible than older children, according to some investigators. In addition, researchers have noted that patients with blood type O are twice as likely to develop cholera as others. The reason for this blood type susceptibility is not completely understood. People with achlorhydria (reduced acid secretion in the stomach) and people taking medicines to reduce stomach acid (H2 blockers and others) are also more likely to develop cholera because stomach acid kills many types of bacteria, including V. cholerae.

Is cholera contagious?

It takes about 100 million V. cholerae bacteria to infect a healthy adult. Because of this high number, significant contamination of food or water is required to transmit the disease, and direct person-to-person transmission is thought to be uncommon except in outbreaks. In outbreaks, cholera-causing bacteria become highly contagious indirectly and directly by the fecal-oral route because of widespread fecal contamination of food, water, and items like contaminated bedding and clothing.

What is the incubation period for cholera?

The incubation period (time period from exposure to the bacteria to the development of symptoms) may vary from a few hours (about six to 12 hours) to five days, with the average incubation period being about two to three days. About six to 12 hours is considered a very rapid incubation period and may suggest that rapid/immediate intervention is required for recovery.

What is the contagious period for cholera?

The contagious period for cholera begins as soon as organisms are excreted in the feces. This can occur as early as about six to 12 hours after exposure to the bacteria and can last for about seven to 14 days. Some individuals who are asymptomatic (infected but not having symptoms) will also excrete contagious organisms for about seven to 14 days.

What physicians usually treat cholera?

Because most individuals have either mild or no symptoms, these people are either not treated or treated by their primary-care physician. However, in some children and in individuals who have more severe disease, besides the primary-care physician or pediatrician, an infectious-disease specialist, a critical-care specialist, a gastroenterologist, and/or an internist may be needed to help the team manage and treat the patient.

In addition, specialists in travel medicine and/or epidemiology can help individuals avoid cholera and/or can give advice about prevention, treatment, and prognosis to those individuals traveling to or living in endemic areas.

How do health-care professionals diagnose cholera?

Preliminary diagnosis is usually done by a caregiver who takes a history from the patient and observes the characteristic rice-water diarrhea, especially if a local outbreak of cholera has identified. The diarrhea fluid is often teeming with motile, comma-shaped bacteria (presumptively V. cholerae) that can be seen with a microscope. The definitive diagnosis is made by isolation of the bacteria from diarrhea fluid. All state health department laboratories in the U.S. are able to perform tests for Vibrio cholerae. Readers may see terms like serotypes Inaba, Ogawa, and Hikojima to describe V. cholerae; they simply indicate which O antigens (O antigens designated A, B, or C) are found on these strains of V. cholerae. PCR tests have also been developed to detect the genetic material of cholera, but currently they are not as widely used as the immunologic tests based on type-specific antiserum.

Definitive diagnosis helps to distinguish cholera from other diseases caused by other bacterial, protozoal, or viral pathogens that cause dysentery (gastrointestinal inflammation with diarrhea).

What is the treatment for cholera?

The CDC (and almost every medical agency) recommends rehydration with ORS (oral rehydration salts) fluids as the primary treatment for cholera. ORS fluids are available in prepackaged containers, commercially available worldwide, and contain glucose and electrolytes. The CDC follows the guidelines developed by the WHO (World Health Organization) as follows:

Patient condition

Treatment

Treatment volume guidelines; age and weight

No dehydration

Oral rehydration salts (ORS)

Children < 2 years: 50 mL-100 mL, up to 500 mL/day
Children 2-9 years: 100 mL-200 mL, up to 1,000 mL/day
Patients > 9 years: As much as wanted, to 2,000 mL/day

Some dehydration

Oral rehydration salts (amount in first four hours)

Infants < 4 mos (< 5 kg): 200-400 mL
Infants 4 mos-11 mos (5 kg-7.9 kg): 400-600 mL
Children 1 yr-2 yrs (8 kg-10.9 kg): 600-800 mL
Children 2 yrs-4 yrs (11 kg-15.9 kg): 800-1,200 mL
Children 5 yrs-14 yrs (16 kg-29.9 kg): 1,200-2,200 mL
Patients > 14 yrs (30 kg or more): 2,200-4,000 mL

Severe dehydration

IV drips of Ringer Lactate or, if not available, normal saline and oral rehydration salts as outlined above

Age < 12 months: 30 mL/kg within one hour*, then 70 mL/kg over five hours
Age > 1 year: 30 mL/kg within 30 min*, then 70 mL/kg over two and a half hours

*Repeat once if radial pulse is still very weak or not detectable

Reassess the patient every one to two hours and continue hydrating. If hydration is not improving, give the IV drip more rapidly. 200 mL/kg or more may be needed during the first 24 hours of treatment.

After six hours (infants) or three hours (older patients), perform a full reassessment. Switch to ORS solution if hydration is improved and the patient can drink.

In general, antibiotics are reserved for more severe cholera infections; they function to reduce fluid rehydration volumes and may speed recovery. Although good microbiological principles dictate it is best to treat a patient with antibiotics that are known to be effective against the infecting bacteria, this may take too long a time to accomplish during an initial outbreak (but it still should be attempted); meanwhile, severe infections have been effectively treated with tetracycline (Sumycin), doxycycline ( Vibramycin, Oracea, Adoxa, Atridox, and others), furazolidone ( Furoxone), erythromycin (E-Mycin, Eryc, Ery-Tab, PCE, Pediazole, Ilosone), or ciprofloxacin ( Cipro, Cipro XR, ProQuin XR) in conjunction with the following antibiotics in conjunction with IV hydration and electrolytes:

Tetracycline (Sumycin)

Doxycycline (Vibramycin, Oracea, Adoxa, Atridox, and others)

Furazolidone (Furoxone)

Erythromycin (E-Mycin, Eryc, Ery-Tab, PCE, Pediazole, Ilosone)

Azithromycin (Zithromax)

Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (Bactrim, Septra)

Ampicillin

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro, Cipro XR, ProQuin XR)

Norfloxacin (Noroxin)

Many antibiotics are listed; however, because of widespread antibiotic resistance, including multi-resistant Vibrio strains, antibiotic susceptibility testing is advised so the appropriate antibiotic is chosen. In addition, quinolones (for example, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin) should not be used in children if other antibiotics can be effective because of possible musculoskeletal adverse effects.

Is it possible to prevent cholera? Are cholera vaccines available?

Yes, cholera can be prevented by several methods. Developed countries have an almost zero incidence of cholera because they have widespread water-treatment plants, food-preparation facilities that usually practice sanitary protocols, and most people have access to toilets and hand-washing facilities. Although these countries may have occasional lapses or gaps in these methods, they have prevented many disease outbreaks, including cholera.

Individuals can prevent or reduce the chance they may get cholera by thorough hand washing, avoiding areas and people with cholera, drinking treated water or similar safe fluids, and eating cleaned and well-cooked food. In addition, there are vaccines available that can help prevent cholera, although they are not available in the U.S., and their effectiveness ranges from 50%-90%, depending on the studies reported. The vaccines are oral preparations, because injected vaccines have not proved to be very effective. Two vaccines (Shanchol and Dukoral) are composed of killed V. cholerae bacteria and don't contain the enterotoxin B subunit. Unfortunately, both offer protection for only about two years, although one report suggests that Shanchol is about 65% effective over five years. Both vaccines are usually given in two doses, about one to six weeks apart. Unfortunately, the vaccines have limited availability; their recommended use is for people going to areas of known outbreaks with the likely possibility the person may be exposed to cholera. Some researchers suggest this limited oral vaccine availability should be changed and cite data that oral vaccine may help limit outbreaks, even after they have begun.

Research is ongoing; a research study in Haiti will try to determine if a two-dose vaccine in people will suffice to protect a difficult to treat (rural poor) population from cholera and thus save many lives. There are over 30 universities researching this disease (cholera's epidemiology, pathology, immunology, vaccine production, and other problems) currently worldwide.

In 2015, about 2 million doses of oral cholera vaccine were shipped to various outbreak areas, and currently available information suggests that there was a significant reduction in transmission of endemic cholera; the study will be concluded in 2018.

In June 2016, the U.S. FDA (Food and Drug Administration) approved the first vaccine available in the United States to prevent cholera. The vaccine is termed Vaxchora and is manufactured by PaxVax Bermuda LTD. It can be used in adults age 18-64 who are traveling to cholera-affected areas of the world. The vaccine is a live, attenuated (weakened) dose of V. cholerae serogroup 01, the most prominent cause of cholera worldwide. The vaccine is administered orally in about 3 ounces of fluid. It is about 80% effective in individuals challenged with Vibrio bacteria three months after vaccination. The vaccine should be administered at least 10 days before the individual travels to a cholera-endemic area.

What is the prognosis of cholera?

The prognosis (outcome) of cholera can range from excellent to poor, depending on the severity of the dehydration and how quickly the patient is given and responds to treatments. Death (mortality) rates in untreated cholera can be as high as 50%-60% during large outbreaks but can be reduced to about 1% if treatment protocols (see above treatment section) are rapidly put into action. In general, the less severe the symptoms and the less time people have dehydration symptoms, the better the prognosis; in many people, if dehydration is quickly reversed, the prognosis is often excellent.

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Medically Reviewed on 6/16/2016

REFERENCES:

Brown, Troy. "FDA Approves First Cholera Vaccine in the US." Medscape.com. June 10, 2016. <https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/864673?nlid=106295_3901&src=wnl_newsalrt_160610_MSCPEDIT&uac=138226AY&impID=1124116&faf=1>.

Switzerland. World Health Organization. "Cholera." July 2015. <http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/>.

United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Cholera." Yellowbook 3.81 July 10, 2015. <http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/cholera>.

United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Cholera -- Vibrio cholera Infection." Nov. 27, 2014. <http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html>.

Unites States. Food and Drug Administration. "Vaxchora." June 16, 2016.<http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm505866.htm>.

Complete List

Top Cholera Related Articles

Dehydration

Dehydration is the excessive loss of body water. There are a number of causes of dehydration including heat exposure, prolonged vigorous exercise, and some diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms of dehydration include:

headache,

lightheadedness,

constipation, and

bad breath.

Treatment for dehydration is to replace lost fluids and electrolytes.

Low Blood Pressure

Low blood pressure, also referred to as hypotension, is blood pressure that is so low that it causes symptoms or signs due to the low flow of blood through the arteries and veins. Some of the symptoms of low blood pressure include:

light-headedness,

dizziness, or

even fainting if not enough blood is getting to the brain.

Diseases and medications can also cause low blood pressure. When the flow of blood is too low to deliver enough oxygen and nutrients to vital organs such as the brain, heart, and kidneys; the organs do not function normally and may be permanently damaged.

The Digestion Process (Organs and Functions)

Digestion is the complex process of turning the food you eat into the energy you need to survive. The digestive process also involves creating waste to be eliminated, and is made of a series of muscles that coordinate the movement of food. Learn more about digestion and the body parts that make it possible, including the:

mouth,

pharynx,

esophagus,

stomach,

small intestine,

colon,

rectum,

anus,

pancreas,

liver, and

gallbladder.

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Cholera Treatment, History, Prevention & Causes

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Cholera facts Cholera is a disease caused by bacteria that produce a watery diarrhea that can rapidly lead to dehydration. Cholera symptoms and signs include a rapid onset of copious, smelly diarrhea that resembles rice water and may lead to signs of dehydration (for example, vomiting, wrinkled skin, low blood pressure, dry mouth, rapid heart rate).

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Identify the the use of figurative language on pg. 141 that Kamkwamba uses to describe his hunger Chapter 8

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Identify the the use of figurative language on pg. 141 that Kamkwamba uses to describe his hunger Chapter 8

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specific literary device: Simile

direct quote: ""Let's go hunting!" The very word was like a bolt of current through his body" (141)

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Name the chapter: Growing Hunger (Famine)

One image:

Significant Quote: "It's Christmas and I haven't eaten a thing. "(117)

SIAS (Summary in a Sentence): In Chapter 6 there is very little resources specifically food and people are starting to worry for the lives of others and themselves

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Name the chapter: Peer Pressure

One image:

Significant Quote: "Khamba is dead"(148)

SIAS (Summary in a Sentence): William was harassed by his "friends in order to put his dog down because he couldnt feed it and it was also very old

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Physiological effects of starvationChapter 6

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Physiological effects of starvationChapter 6

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Define physiological: relating to the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.

Additional info: None

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Organizations: Save The Children

Past efforts:

Prevent acute malnutrition through large scale emergency feeding programs when there is a lack of food in Africa.

Images:

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Read and pin the following article: Chapter 6

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Read and pin the following article: Chapter 6

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Additional factis/images:

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arvest should be the time for celebrations, weddings and full bellies in southern Malawi. But Christopher Witimani, Lilian Matafle and their seven children and four grandchildren had nothing to celebrate last week as they picked their meagre maize crop.

Last year's drought, followed by erratic rains, hit the village of Nkhotakota hard. But this year the rains never came and, for a second year running, the family grain store is empty. If they manage their savings carefully and eat just one small meal a day, they may just have enough food for two more months.

By August, said Irish charity Concern Worldwide, they and tens of thousands of other small farmers in southern Malawi will have completely run out of food, with no prospect of another harvest for at least seven months. With nothing to sell and no chance of earning money, Witimani, Matafle and family will starve.

"I am worried the children will starve to death. I don't know what to do," said Matafle.

"We need food. We are in a desperate situation," her husband added.

Countries are just waking up to the most serious global food crisis of the last 25 years. Caused by the strongest El Niño weather event since 1982, droughts and heatwaves have ravaged much of India, Latin America and parts of south-east Asia. But the worst effects of this natural phenomenon, which begins with waters warming in the equatorial Pacific, are to be found in southern Africa. A second consecutive year without rain now threatens catastrophe for some of the poorest people in the world.

The scale of the crisis unfolding in 10 or more southern African countries has shocked the United Nations. Lulled into thinking that Ethiopia in 1985 was the last of the large-scale famines affecting many millions, donor countries have been slow to pledge funds or support. More than $650m and 7.9m tonnes of food are needed immediately, says the UN. By Christmas, the situation will have become severe.

Malawi, Mozambique, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Madagascar, Angola and Swaziland have already declared national emergencies or disasters, as have seven of South Africa's nine provinces. Other countries, including Botswana and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, have also been badly hit. President Robert Mugabe has appealed for $1.5bn to buy food for Zimbabwe and Malawi is expected to declare that more than 8 million people, or half the country, will need food aid by November.

Serena Gadinala, from the in Neno district of Malawi, has tried different planting techniques but nothing worked and her crops continue to wilt. Photograph: Tamara van Vliet/OCHA

More than 31 million people in the region are said by the UN to need food now, but this number is expected to rise to at least 49 million across almost all of southern Africa by Christmas. With 12 million more hungry people in Ethiopia, 7 million in Yemen, 6 million in Southern Sudan and more in the Central African Republic and Chad, a continent-scale food crisis is unfolding.

"Food security across southern Africa will start deteriorating by July, reaching its peak between December 2016 and April 2017," says the UN's office for humanitarian affairs. The regional cereal deficit already stands at 7.9m tonnes and continues to put upward pressure on market prices, which are already showing unprecedented increases, diminishing purchasing power and thereby reducing food access. As food insecurity tightens and water scarcity increases due to the drought, there are early signs of acute malnutrition in Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabawe.

For Coco Ushiyama, head of the UN's World Food Programme in Lilongwe, Malawi's capital, just working out how to import a million tonnes of food, needed to support between five million and eight million people in Malawi over the next 12 months, is proving nightmarishly difficult. With no guarantees of money from donors, she cannot buy the food on the open market, or book ships and transport.

"We are very concerned. Last year, like many other countries in the region, Malawi had a double disaster with erratic rains and then floods which led into droughts," said Ushiyama. "Last year, 2.8 million people were affected. Then we had a deficit of 220,000 tonnes of food. This year, we are anticipating it will be four times as bad. The maize price is already exceptionally high.

"We are monitoring 50 markets throughout the country and already they are seeing abnormally high prices. We have very worryingly high admission rates for childhood malnutrition in health clinics. In some areas it is very serious already and it is likely to get much more serious. It will be a regional issue," she said.

The government has declared a disaster and will publish a new assessment of its needs in the next few weeks. The vice-president, Saulos Chilima, has said that about 1.3m tonnes of maize will be needed.

Politicians may talk of going on to the world market to buy a million tonnes of maize, but Ushiyama is unsure where it will come from. There is usually enough food in the region, but South Africa, which usually exports a million tonnes of food a year, will need to import 3.5m tonnes this year. Only Zambia may have enough food to export and it has imposed restrictions, she said.

"South Africa is in trouble. Nearby Zambia has had a better harvest than most countries but it has put export restrictions on its food. If we import it [from outside Africa], the food will take four to six months [to arrive]. We have learned from experience that the rains start in November so the roads will be terrible when the food is most needed and some lorry drivers will refuse to come. By November, we will need to have pre-positioned food in key areas. But to get it there by then means ordering the food right now," she said.

People are divide pulses among themselves at a United Nations World Food Programme food distribution centre in Chikwawa district, Malawi. Photograph: Tamara van Vliet/OCHA

Finding the cash to feed possibly 50 million people for eight or more months is the biggest problem of all, says the UN, because Africa's slow-burn crisis must compete with Middle East wars, refugees and natural disasters for attention. According to the UN, which is holding an unprecedented humanitarian summit this week in Istanbul, 125 million people worldwide need long-term assistance and a further 60 million have been forced from their homes by war, violence and disaster.

More than $1.5bn has been requested by southern African governments, says Ocha, the UN's Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, but less than a quarter of this has been pledged. Officially, the deficit is $677 million (87%) but this will grow when countries complete their assessments of the harvests in the next few weeks.

"The window for responding in a meaningful manner is closing rapidly," said Shadrack Omol, senior adviser to the UN children's fund, Unicef. "The concern is that slow-onset emergencies, like the one we are dealing with in southern Africa, do not get enough attention because they creep up on us."

John Makina, Oxfam country director in Malawi, said: "The donors just do not have the money; there is donor fatigue. Malawi has been hit by drought, then floods, then drought. The donors are getting tired of it. In 2015, Malawi alone needed $170m. In 2016-17, it will be far more.

"The full impact will be felt from October to March 2017. It's looking really bad. The most affected will be the poorest and jobless. They will end up selling what little they possess. The price of maize flour has already gone to 9,000 kwachas (£8.70) for 50kg. It will double again for sure," he said.

International development minister Nick Hurd, who has visited Mozambique, wants Britain to lead the humanitarian effort. But money cannot be given directly to the country following a corruption scandal, and the government must work through a consortium of NGOs, providing food vouchers, medical aid and food-for-work schemes.

"We cannot and will not stand idly by while millions suffer. Britain is playing a leading role in helping countries across Africa to cope with the impact of El Niño. Support for people affected by El Niño is important to Africa and also firmly in Britain's national interest," says Hurd.

In villages across southern Africa, people are fearful, unsure how they will survive. In Mozambique, where Britain is contributing £11.8m over three years, some food aid has arrived in the village of Mblalava.

A farmer tries to grow crops with the help of a United Nations supported irrigation scheme in the Neno district of Malawi. Photograph: Tamara van Vliet/OCHA

The women are ecstatic: "It's been two and a half years since we had good rain," said Rosita Chauque, a mother of three. "When the drought started we used to be able to find vegetables in the bush, but even these have gone now. We used to make and sell charcoal, but there are so many other people doing that now it's not possible. We have thought of leaving, but where to? We have no crops in the fields, no food for the cattle and nothing for ourselves. There is no water, no grass. People are selling their animals. They have no other resources. There is a lot of suffering."

"The situation is critical," said Abdoulaye Balde, the World Food Programme country director in Mozambique's capital, Maputo. "We are at the point of no return."

Droughts and "hungry seasons" are common throughout southern Africa, but the breadth of this year's crisis is very unusual, says Caoimhe de Barra, Malawi country director of Concern Worldwide. Her frontline workers see rural people already employing traditional coping strategies, including eating wild foods, taking children out of school, selling their animals and assets.

"Early action is key. If we can start supporting people now, we can save lives and prevent an even worse situation later this year. People are not currently dying of hunger but the overall health of the population will be severely affected by hunger-related illnesses. Malnutrition will blight the life chances of countless more Malawian children," she said.

The secretary general of the International Red Cross, Elhadj As Sy, who visited Malawi and Zimbabwe last week, said: "Much more needs to be done to support communities to survive and strive over the coming months. We met families who have received no external support and who are simply desperate. We need to urgently scale up our interventions to prevent this situation from becoming a catastrophe," he said.

Relief from Africa's long drought may finally be coming, says the World Meteorological Organisation, which is monitoring the temperature of waters in the Pacific. These are said to be cooling rapidly and are expected to be "neutral" by mid-June. That, says the UN, signals the coming end of the El Niño, the droughts and the worldwide heatwaves.

The effects, however, will not be felt in southern Africa until April 2017 when the next main harvest should be in. But, says the WMO, there may be a sting in the tale. There is a 50:50 chance that the continent will be hit from September by El Niño's climatic "twin", known as La Niña, which develops as the Pacific Ocean equatorial waters cool after an El Niño.

Instead of droughts, La Niña usually brings heavier monsoon rains in south-east Asia and much cooler and wetter conditions in southern Africa.

"We pray hard for rain and then we must pray harder that it stops. Is there no end of extreme weather?" said Malawian villager Richard Kapenda.

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Across Africa, the worst food crisis since 1985 looms for 50 million

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A second year without rain threatens to bring catastrophe for some of the poorest people in the world. Donor countries, in the grip of wars and refugee crises, have been slow to pledge funds. But by the time they do, it could be too late

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Courtship/Marriage Customs in Malawi (Africa)Chapter 6

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Courtship/Marriage Customs in Malawi (Africa)Chapter 6

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In the history of marriage customs in Africa, the institution has taken on at least three (3) principal forms:

Marriage by capture

Marriage by purchase

Marriage by choice

Interestingly, research shows that marriage customs in other parts of world have patterns that are (or were) very similar to the history of marriage customs in Africa. Perhaps this is even more proof that we probably all do share the same roots... but I digress...

Marriage By Capture

The bride-to-be may be either kidnapped or captured prior to the official wedding ceremony or at some point during. During the wedding festivities, friends of the couple may kidnap the bride and will release her only after the groom negotiates for, and pays, her ransom. The kidnapping can be done multiple times throughout the wedding ceremony and it is up to the groom to notice when his bride goes missing.

In the other type of marriage by capture, the groom's family and friends abduct the bride. When the abduction comes to light, the groom's "posse" and the bride's "posse" meet halfway between their villages (or halfway between their family compounds if they are from the same village), where they will either engage in a mock battle OR exchange gifts and/or payment for the bride.

Such practices are seen among the Ganda/Bantu tribes of Uganda and the people of Nyanza in Kenya.

Marriage By Purchase

The theory behind this is basically self-explanatory, however there are subtle differences form tribe to tribe in Africa when it comes to the actual execution.

In Zaire, the groom brings two copper rings or an arrow to the bride and her family. Upon acceptance of the gifts the couple becomes officially betrothed. More gifts are exchanged during the actual wedding ceremony, one of which is a knife given by the groom to the bride's father. The knife signifies that the new husband is now responsible for the wife's safety and well-being.

Among the Zulu, the groom gives cattle to the bride's family and father. The theory behind the cattle is that if for any reason the marriage doesn't work out and the bride has to return to her family, the cattle serve as insurance for her so that she will be able to support herself.

The Nyakysus people of Malawi consider a marriage legitimate only after the bride's representative has received cattle from the groom. The groom still has to work on his bride's father's land for some time. If the marriage doesn't work out then the cattle can be returned and the marriage will be dissolved.

Marriage By Choice

Also known as a "love match", this one of course requires very little to no explanation.

Okay, that's just the tip of the iceberg. Get more African marriage trivia and learn about african wedding rituals too!

Now that you've learned about the history of marriage in Africa, learn how you can incorporate many of these wonderful, colorful, and very festive African wedding traditions and customs into your wedding as well. You don't have to limit the African American traditions you use in your wedding to just jumping the broom.

Love is a fever which marriage puts to bed and cures.
- Richard J. Needham
Return from African History of Marriage to African Wedding Home Page

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In the history of marriage customs in Africa, the institution has taken on at least three (3) principal forms: Marriage by capture Marriage by purchase Marriage by choice Interestingly, research shows that marriage customs in other parts of world have patterns that are (or were) very similar to the history of marriage customs in Africa.

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(pg. 257) What does TED stand for? What does TED represent? chapter 14

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(pg. 257) What does TED stand for? What does TED represent? chapter 14

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Technology
Entertainment
Design

TED represents a place to share ideas and stories.

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Come and See why Windsor Chico Care Center has become the choice for skilled nursing and rehab services in the area. Our team of professionals understand the importance of creating a warm, comfortable environment for all residents. Let us show you how we help people recover from surgery, injury and serious illness.

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(pg. 255) Define validation. Identify how William and his creation received validation. chapter 14

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(pg. 255) Define validation. Identify how William and his creation received validation. chapter 14

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The action of checking or proving the validity or accuracy of something.

William earned validation by getting attention of people and became famous.

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Define AIDS: a disease in which there is a severe loss of the body's cellular immunity, greatly lowering the resistance to infection and malignancy.

Define HIV: HIV interferes with your body's ability to fight the organisms that cause disease. HIV is a sexually transmitted infection.

Give 3 facts on AIDS or HIV in Africa:
1.) Incurable
2.) Nasty symptoms
3.) spreads by sexual intercourse

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Handheld TESLA COIL GUN at 28,000fps - Smarter Every Day 162

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GET Wizard here: http://www.audible.com/Smarter Click here if you're interested in subscribing: http://bit.ly/Subscribe2SED Click here to tweet this video: https://goo.gl/77z3yc ⇊ Click below for more links! ⇊ This is the musical Tesla coil used in the video (It was a lot of fun and I recommend getting one!)

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Create a timeline for the Malawian farming processchapter 4

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Create a timeline for the Malawian farming processchapter 4

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December-March rainy
May-September Lots of food

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article about the soft skill of CURIOSITY and the impact on learning chapter 4

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article about the soft skill of CURIOSITY and the impact on learning chapter 4

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Reflection William's Decision to Kill His Dog

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Reflection William's Decision to Kill His Dog

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One image:

Significant Quote:  "The conference was held at the Ngurdoto Mountain"

SIAS Summary in a sentence: In this Chapter of TBWHTW William is starting to leave Malawi and travel and go to other places along with Mr. Tom Rielly to go see they windmills where he had lived

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the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise. pg. 276

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Name the chapter: acknowledgment

One image:

Significant Quote: "A few days later Dr. Mchazime drove five hours to Wimbe"

SIAS (Summary in a Sentence): In Chapter 14 people are starting to realize William as the boy who had created a windmill and praising him. "You're that

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THREE FACTS about Silicon Valley Chapter 15

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THREE FACTS about Silicon Valley Chapter 15

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1.) Located in California

2.) Holds HQ of major technology businesses

3.) Many Windmills in one small place could power a whole city for a month

pg. 269

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a section or speech at the end of a book or play that serves as a comment on or a conclusion to what has happened.

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an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.

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capital invested in a project in which there is a substantial element of risk, typically a new or expanding business. pg. 270

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direct quote that reveals an important theme about African inventors.  

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direct quote that reveals an important theme about African inventors.  

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Quote: "Africans bend what little they have to their will every day. Using creativity, they overcome Africa's challenges. Where    the world sees trash, Africa recycles. Where the world sees junk. Africa sees rebirth." pg. 267

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Three Personality Traits of Tom Rielly chapter 15

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Three Personality Traits of Tom Rielly chapter 15

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1.) Generous

2.) Helpful

3.) Caring

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Specific Literary Device and Direct Quote

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Specific Literary Device and Direct Quote

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Definition: the quality of being thankful; readiness to show appreciation for and to return kindness.

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1.) PVC pipes as blades

2.) Axle of the bike as the shaft

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Chapter 10
1.) William built the windmill despite his mom not believing in him
William built the windmill despite his community not believing in him

2.) William built the windmill despite his community not believing in him

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1.) In Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania combined, the average cost per year is about $650.

2.) About 12 African girls can go to high school for the price of 1 American boy

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Name the chapter: Poverty

One image:

Significant quote:  "I was so nervous I stayed awake for hours"

Summary in sentence: William is begging to be concerned about his education and whether or not his father can keep paying for William to attend school

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Our children's charity in Kenya since 1971

SOS Children's Villages in Kenya is supporting children within their community and in their familiar environment. Apart from giving children a new home in our villages, SOS Family Strengthening Programmes enable children who are at the brink of losing family care to grow up in a caring family environment.
FREQUENT DROUGHTS DRIVE MILLIONS INTO STARVATION
The Republic of Kenya's population is 44 million and its capital is Nairobi. The country has been referred to as "the cradle of humanity" since scientists discovered some of the earliest evidence of man's ancestors on Kenyan soil. Its impressive ethnic diversity is an important element of Kenyan culture, on one hand, and a source of conflict on the other. Violence between tribes has contributed to internal displacement in the country.

Pressing challenges in present-day Kenya include high unemployment, crippling poverty and high crime rates. The tourism industry has been an important source of income and has become the country's primary hard currency earner over recent years. Abundant wildlife and scenic landscapes make Kenya a major safari destination that attracts thousands of foreign visitors every year.

Although Kenya has recently seen economic growth, around 11 million people are still undernourished and a major part of the country's population is unable to meet their daily calorie requirements. Floods and droughts continue to have a severe impact on the availability of food, particularly in semi-nomadic zones. In the drought-prone north, access to medical services is poor and many families cannot meet even the most basic needs such as running water, sewage systems and sanitation. Around 50 per cent of the Kenyan population face a life in poverty, with a substantial part living in conditions of extreme poverty.

In 2008, a wave of post-electoral violence hit Kenya. The crisis led to over 1,000 deaths and massive displacement. Hundreds of thousands were forced to flee their homes and 75,000 children had to take shelter in over 100 camps for internally displaced persons. Life expectancy at birth is only 55 years. Apart from the HIV/AIDS pandemic that dramatically affects Kenya, widespread infectious diseases in the country include typhoid, hepatitis A and bacterial diarrhoea.

MANY CHILDREN ARE AT RISK

Kenya ratified the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC) and various conventions, but some issues remain unresolved, such as clear guidelines regarding corporal punishment or the minimum age for marriage and criminal responsibility. Thousands of children in Kenya are deeply affected by persistently high levels of poverty. The well-being of young children is particularly at risk as undernourishment and child mortality have increased. A growing number of children live without parental care or at the brink of losing it. At 6.3 per cent, Kenya also has one of the highest HIV prevalence rates in the entire world. Nearly 1,200,000 children in Kenya aged 0 to 17 have been orphaned as a direct result of AIDS.

Another public health concern for young children in Kenya continues to be malaria, which kills around 26,000 children under the age of five every year. Child mortality is high at 84 per 1,000 live births. An increasingly high number of households in Kenya are headed by children. Female-headed households and child-headed households are more likely to experience high levels of poverty. Young children are often obliged to work instead of being able to go to school as they have to put food on the table for an entire family. In Kenya, an estimated 130,000 children live in the streets as a result of poverty, family neglect and social discrimination. Many of them are forced into exploitative child labour and eventually even commercial sex work. At present, an estimated 10,000 children have been caught up in the sex trade, particularly in the country's coastal regions. Many children resort to prostitution as a way to make a living.

Every donation supports our cause in the care of orphaned children around the world. Join Us!

SOS CHILDREN'S VILLAGES IN KENYA

Kenya was one of the first African countries where SOS Children's Villages became active. The national Kenyan association was founded in 1971, primarily because of the ever-increasing number of orphaned and neglected children in Kenya. SOS Children's Villages has been running SOS Family Strengthening Programmes in the country, which enable children who are at risk of losing family care to grow up within a caring family environment. To achieve this, the organisation works together with families and communities, empowering them to effectively protect and care for their children. At present, we are supporting Kenyan children and young people by providing day-care, education, vocational training and medical services in five different locations. Children whose families cannot take care of them can find a loving home in one of the SOS families.

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SOS Children's Villages in Kenya is supporting children within their community and in their familiar environment. Apart from giving children a new home in our villages, SOS Family Strengthening Programmes enable children who are at the brink of losing family care to grow up in a caring family environment.

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Name the chapter: The Path to Success?

One image:

Significant quote: "I could picture the windmill"(168)

Summary in sentence: In Chapter 9 this is the part in TBWHTW where William is in the mindset of putting together his windmill inspired from the books that he had read

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How video and William's situation relate. 9

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How video and William's situation relate. 9

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Well https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dqTTojTija8
The Video and Williams situation relate because the man didn't feel that anything has changed throughout history, and that students still seem to be limited in their education and how they're treated. This relates because they're treating everyone the same way in Malawi and giving those students 0 opportunities to become something greater such as William

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Name the chapter: Young Curious Malawian Boy

One image:

Significant quote: "I'd become very interested in how things worked, yet never thought of this as science."(71)

Summary in sentence: William finds out that his passion is science.

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5 Facts about the benefits of eating grasshoppers

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5 Facts about the benefits of eating grasshoppers

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1.) They are a lot healthier for you.

2.) You can actually raise them yourself and eat them

3.) There is many of them that are able to be eaten so you have enough to eat

4.) You can use them in a lot of diverse ways such as putting them in different recipes

5.) They Are very small so you can keep many if just a small area

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Sustainable: able to be maintained at a certain rate or level.

Ethical: relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these.

Feasible: possible to do easily or conveniently.

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How To Learn | World's Leading Site for Learning Resources

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"I think, at a child's birth, if a mother could ask a fairy godmother to endow it with the most useful gift, that gift would be curiosity." ~Eleanor Roosevelt
If you're a parent, you know that babies are born with limitless curiosity. Just think about all of the things your little ones touch, grab, climb on, stare at, put in their mouths, etc. But for many kids, as they grow their curiosity is dulled. And by the time they reach adulthood, they're merely going through the motions necessary to make it through each day instead of actively trying to understand and shape the world around them. Why is that?

"In a nutshell, we've stopped placing an emphasis on the importance of curiosity," says Victoria Ryan O'Toole, creator of the Molly Moccasins story, game, and activity book series for children. "We all live in a culture that depends on TVs, computers, smartphones, books, magazines, and other people to keep us constantly occupied and entertained. Think of all the adults (and even kids!) you know who would have absolutely no idea what to do with themselves if you left them alone and took away their electronics."

Curiosity, says O'Toole, is the antidote to this plugged-in, entertainment-dependent lifestyle because it encourages and allows individuals to be intellectually self-sufficient.

"Stimulating your children's curiosity is a wonderful gift because it enables them to continually learn, grow, and question the world they live in," she comments. "It also helps them to develop a healthy imagination and sense of creativity, and sets them up for a successful future."

O'Toole created her popular Molly Moccasins series, which features a bright, imaginative, and curious girl named Molly, to inspire young readers to find meaning, knowledge, and adventure in everyday life. As they follow Molly on her almost 70 story adventures through backyards, museums, farms, libraries, forests, and (much!) more, kids will learn to ask new questions, observe new things, and develop an increased curiosity about the world around them.

Here, O'Toole shares seven compelling reasons why curiosity is such a valuable skill for kids to develop.

It's a high complement to the hard skill set. In today's hyper-competitive academic environment, parents tend to be zoom-focused on their kids' "hard" skill sets: reading, writing, 'rithmetic, etc. What they often don't realize is that "soft" skills like curiosity and creativity are what give academic knowledge its power and usefulness in the real world. The truth is, curiosity and creativity are some of the most valuable skills young people can have as they prepare to enter the global economy. As professionals, they'll have to innovate on the go, think of better ways to solve old problems, create time- and money-saving solutions, and much more.

"When a child is constantly asking questions and displaying curiosity about the world around her, she's already well on her way to creating solutions," asserts O'Toole. "I recently attended an edu-event where this point was made in an unexpected way. A speaker broke down the process that engineers use to design and build amazing things: Ask, Imagine, Plan, Design, and Create. Most of us don't tend to think of engineering, a very 'technical' job, as being dependent on curiosity and imagination-but it is! So the next time your child wants to build a rocket ship out of a box so that she can explore outer space, don't redirect her to a more 'educational' activity. She's developing a skill set that will serve her well throughout her life."

It cultivates an active mind. While you might sometimes fear that you'll explode if your child asks you "why?" one more time, overall, those questions are a good thing. They're a sign of an active mind that's constantly analyzing the world and trying to figure it out. Admit it: You'd be concerned if your child accepted everything around her with nary a protest or murmur!

"As long as a child is curious, she'll be exposed to new facts and ideas, and the metaphorical wheels in her head will be in continuous motion," points out O'Toole. "This is the kind of mental activity that fosters true learning, not just good grades. (Unfortunately, many parents tend to place too much emphasis on the latter, and not enough on the former.) Curiosity is also the force that drives personal development, because thinking through new concepts and ideas is what allows us to mature and to develop more nuanced, open-minded worldviews."

It counteracts boredom. The fact is, even the most attentive parents can't keep their children entertained 24/7. Sooner or later, that new electronic game will get old, your youngster will become too squirmy to sit still and watch TV, or he'll lose patience with the fact that your attention is elsewhere. And if his natural curiosity isn't able to redirect his interest, the dreaded B-word- boredom -will strike. And that's when trouble often starts.

"A child who is bored might act out in order to bring adults' attention back to him-hello, tears and tantrums!" O'Toole points out. "Over time, this child might be overly attached to Mom and Dad because he depends on them to keep him entertained, he might become a couch potato or PlayStation addict, and it's possible that he'll lack an overall sense of motivation throughout his life, to name just a few things. And as easily bored kids get older, the stakes get higher: How many teenagers engage in dangerous behaviors because 'there was nothing else to do'?"

It encourages self-sufficiency. All parents want to raise children who can take care of themselves in a variety of situations, and who don't constantly rely on others to bail them out. Once again, curiosity is a big part of how parents can make this desire a reality. For many of the same reasons why curiosity sparks creativity, it also encourages kids to be self-sufficient. The progression goes like this: Child has a problem or question. Curiosity prompts child to ask "How can I solve this?" or "Why?" Child acts on the answer she comes up with instead of waiting for an adult to "take care of it."

"For a young child, this sense of curiosity-driven self-sufficiency might manifest itself in putting together her own very unique, somewhat mismatched outfit in the morning," O'Toole explains. "An older child might set up a lemonade stand or arrange to do chores for an elderly neighbor so that she can raise the money to buy the new bike she wants. Essentially, curiosity is an essential tool in enabling children to solve their own problems. You can also think of it as extra insurance against having your adult child take up residence in your basement!"

It inspires persistence. You've heard the term "burning curiosity" before. It refers to a too-strong-to-be-dismissed impulse to know why, how, what, etc. You've probably seen this in action before: When your curious child really wants to know why the dinosaurs died, for example, he won't be satisfied with a one-sentence answer. He'll keep asking you to explain what you know, and he may even take the initiative to read books, to do research online, or perhaps even to build a dinosaur out of papier-mâché.

"Persistence sparked by curiosity is the difference between the child who memorizes facts and methods for the sake of a good report card and the child who voluntarily reads science articles or novels outside of school," O'Toole says. "Curiosity will also foster resilience (which is an important component of persistence): If your children want to know what's over the next hill badly enough, they'll be motivated to get back up and keep climbing whenever they stumble and fall."

It counteracts self-absorption. As a rule, curious people are very aware of how much they don't know. Because they're always asking questions and seeking answers, they have a more fully developed view of the world and how it works, which makes them less likely to think they're the center of it.

"When they achieve one goal, curious people will soon be driven to pursue the next milestone instead of sitting on their laurels, patting themselves on the back, and demanding accolades," adds O'Toole. "For a generation of youngsters who have developed a reputation for being selfish, spoiled, entitled, and materialistic, this is key!"

It sets kids up for long-term success. Throughout history, it's always the people who ask "Why?" or "How can I make this better?" or "What is the solution to this problem?" who make the biggest impacts on our world. (Think about individuals ranging from Leonardo da Vinci to Marie Curie to Steve Jobs.) On a smaller, but no less valuable scale, those who ask questions and refuse to accept the status quo transform companies, lead communities, live adventurous lives, and are most fulfilled personally.

"Of course, the opposite is true as well," O'Toole warns. "Adults who aren't curious may do well enough in the world, but they rarely influence it. They're the people in your office who do what's expected of them, but no more. They're the couch potatoes who don't seem to have any interest in meaningful hobbies. They're not the people you want your children to grow up to be. Instead, you want your children to always wonder what life has to offer next, both personally and professionally, and go after it!"

"The best news of all for parents is that you don't have to create curiosity from scratch," O'Toole concludes. "Remember, it's something your children were born with. Your job is to learn how to foster and encourage your children's natural impulses to ask questions and learn new things. You may be surprised by how much fun you have in the process!"

Victoria Ryan O'Toole is the author of the popular Molly Moccasins books, apps, games, and activity series. The first dictionary that O'Toole ever received was inscribed with a powerful message from her favorite uncle: "A curious mind is never bored." As soon as she read that line, she knew life would never be boring-and it never has been.

O'Toole's first children's book series, Molly Moccasins, is evidence of Victoria's optimistic perspective. Molly Moccasins finds meaning, knowledge, and adventure in everyday life-just as Victoria has since she was young. Now Victoria has written and published nearly 70 Molly Moccasins stories for the series, which have sold in almost one hundred countries in less than a year.

She delights in her life in Southern California with her husband, twin daughters, and twin yellow labs, and is thrilled to be writing adventure stories that encourage children to use their imaginations and natural curiosities, just as she continues to use hers.

About Molly Moccasins:
The Molly Moccasins book series and advertising-free website are for all young adventurers who like to read, play, think, imagine, and investigate. The lead character, Molly, with her spirited imagination, slightly sophisticated vocabulary, and positive perspective, delights in some great adventures with her family, friends, and the people (and creatures) she encounters in her everyday life. The website is launching with nearly 70 stories and even more game options.

Using contemporary media, this unique story, game, and activity book series is for children, parents, and educators and can now be enjoyed in print and on almost all digital platforms: web, apps, ebooks, and audio books.
For more information, please visit MollyMoccasins.com. READ MORE articles about curiosity.

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Why Curiosity Is The Most Important Skill To Teach Your Child - How To Learn | World's Leading Site for Learning Resources

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"I think, at a child's birth, if a mother could ask a fairy godmother to endow it with the most useful gift, that gift would be curiosity." ~Eleanor Roosevelt If you're a parent, you know that babies are born with limitless curiosity. Just think about all of the things your little ones touch, grab, climb ...

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Is Society Obligated to Take Care of The Weak or Sick?

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Is Society Obligated to Take Care of The Weak or Sick?

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"We can only trust in God" pg 87

Summary:
C5 is about how the government and corrupt politicians were starting to show their true colors during the societies time of need and also putting the society in that stage by selling off their food and starving them

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3 Examples of Corrupt Politicians/Government

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3 Examples of Corrupt Politicians/Government

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a condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or of hemoglobin in the blood, resulting in pallor and weariness.

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1.) Floods

2.) Droughts

3.) Government

4.) Little food

5.) Poor harvest

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Many people don't realize this but cutting down trees is not worth all of the negative effects from just that one cause. Some negative effects from cutting down trees are since there isnt any trees to catch the rain it all piles up and starts floods, these floods wash away soil, minerals and garbage flow into the Shire River clogging up dams and shutting down the turbine, so they have to stop all operations to empty the river and remove the slit and trash this process is expensive so, the power company charges extra for electricity which makes families go poor.

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Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests in order to make the land available for other uses.

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(Image credit: Shutterstock)

Deforestation is the permanent removal of trees to make room for something besides forest. This can include clearing the land for agriculture or grazing, or using the timber for fuel, construction or manufacturing.

Forests cover more than 30% of the Earth's land surface, according to the World Wildlife Fund. These forested areas can provide food, medicine and fuel for more than a billion people. Worldwide, forests provide 13.4 million people with jobs in the forest sector, and another 41 million people have jobs related to forests.

Forests are a resource, but they are also large, undeveloped swaths of land that can be converted for purposes such as agriculture and grazing. In North America, about half the forests in the eastern part of the continent were cut down for timber and farming between the 1600s and late 1800s, according to National Geographic.

Today, most deforestation is happening in the tropics. Areas that were inaccessible in the past are now within reach as new roads are constructed through the dense forests. A 2017 report by scientists at the University of Maryland showed that the tropics lost about 61,000 square miles (158,000 square kilometers) of forest in 2017 - an area the size of Bangladesh.

Reasons forests are destroyed

The World Bank estimates that about 3.9 million square miles (10 million square km) of forest have been lost since the beginning of the 20th century. In the past 25 years, forests shrank by 502,000 square miles (1.3 million square km) - an area bigger than the size of South Africa. In 2018, The Guardian reported that every second, a chunk of forest equivalent to the size of a soccer field is lost.

Often, deforestation occurs when forested area is cut and cleared to make way for agriculture or grazing. The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) reports that just four commodities are responsible for tropical deforestation: beef, soy, palm oil and wood products. UCS estimates that an area the size of Switzerland (14,800 square miles, or 38,300 square km) is lost to deforestation every year.

Natural fires in tropical forests tend to be rare but intense. Human-lit fires are commonly used to clear land for agricultural use. First, valuable timber is harvested, then the remaining vegetation is burned to make way for crops like soy or cattle grazing. In 2019, the number of human-lit fires in Brazil skyrocketed. As of August 2019, more than 80,000 fires burned in the Amazon, an increase of almost 80% from 2018, National Geographic reported.

Many forests are cleared to make way for palm oil plantations. Palm oil is the most commonly produced vegetable oil and is found in half of all supermarket products. It's cheap, versatile and can be added to both food and personal products like lipsticks and shampoo. Its popularity has spurred people to clear tropical forests to grow more palm trees. Growing the trees that produce the oil requires the leveling of native forest and the destruction of local peatlands - which doubles the harmful effect on the ecosystem. According to a report published by Zion Market Research, the global palm oil market was valued at $65.73 billion in 2015 and is expected to reach $92.84 billion in 2021.

(Image credit: Shutterstock)

Effects of deforestation

Forests can be found from the tropics to high-latitude areas. They are home to 80% of terrestrial biodiversity, containing a wide array of trees, plants, animals and microbes, according to the World Bank, an international financial institution. Some places are especially diverse - the tropical forests of New Guinea, for example, contain more than 6% of the world's species of plants and animals.

Forests provide more than a home for a diverse collection of living things; they are also an important resource for many around the world. In countries like Uganda, people rely on trees for firewood, timber and charcoal. Over the past 25 years, Uganda has lost 63% of its forest cover, Reuters reported. Families send children - primarily girls - to collect firewood, and kids have to trek farther and farther to get to the trees. Collecting enough wood often takes all day, so the children miss school.

According to a 2018 , three-quarters of the Earth's freshwater comes from forested watersheds, and the loss of trees can affect water quality. The UN's 2018 State of the World's Forests report found that over half the global population relies on forested watersheds for their drinking water as well as water used for agriculture and industry.
Related: The Latest Deforestation News Stories
Deforestation in tropical regions can also affect the way water vapor is produced over the canopy, which causes reduced rainfall. A 2019 study published in the journal Ecohydrology showed that parts of the Amazon rainforest that were converted to agricultural land had higher soil and air temperatures, which can exacerbate drought conditions. In comparison, forested land had rates of evapotranspiration that were about three times higher, adding more water vapor to the air.

Trees also absorb carbon dioxide, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions produced by human activity. As climate change continues, trees play an important role in carbon sequestration, or the capture and storage of excess carbon dioxide. Tropical trees alone are estimated to provide about 23% of the climate mitigation that's needed to offset climate change, according to the World Resources Institute, a nonprofit global research institute.

(Image credit: Shutterstock)

Deforestation not only removes vegetation that is important for removing carbon dioxide from the air, but the act of clearing the forests also produces greenhouse gas emissions. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations says that deforestation is the second-leading cause of climate change. (The first is the burning of fossil fuels.) In fact, deforestation accounts for nearly 20% of greenhouse gas emissions.

Deforestation solutions

Developing alternatives to deforestation can help decrease the need for tree clearing. For example, the desire to expand the amount of land used for agriculture is an attractive reason to deforest an area. But if people adopted sustainable farming practices or employed new farming technologies and crops, the need for more land might be diminished, according to the UN's Sustainable Forest Management Toolbox.

Forests can also be restored, through replanting trees in cleared areas or simply allowing the forest ecosystem to regenerate over time. The goal of restoration is to return the forest to its original state, before it was cleared, according to the U.S. Forest Service. The sooner a cleared area is reforested, the quicker the ecosystem can start to repair itself. Afterward, wildlife will return, water systems will reestablish, carbon will be sequestered and soils will be replenished.
Additional resources:
Everyone can do their part to curb deforestation. We can buy certified wood products, go paperless whenever possible, limit our consumption of products that use palm oil and plant a tree when possible.

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Sarah Derouin - Live Science Contributor

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(Image credit: Shutterstock) Deforestation is the permanent removal of trees to make room for something besides forest. This can include clearing the land for agriculture or grazing, or using the timber for fuel, construction or manufacturing. Forests cover more than 30% of the Earth's land surface, according to the World Wildlife Fund .

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US5932943A - Bicycle dynamo having a rotary-current generator - Google Patents

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A bicycle dynamo with a rotary-current generator having a stator and a rotor which can be rotated relative to the stator. The stator or the rotor has radially extending pole fingers which are wound individually with one surrounding magnetic coil winding respectively.

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Wiliam Wamkwamba's family grieves from his uncles death, They go hunting for birds and

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"It was for the first time that I had ever seen my parents suffer"

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"Of coarse, possessing superpowers was my most frequent day-dream...My father had always warned us against playing with magic" (44)

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Chapter 2: William Kamkwamba's encounter with magic 

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Chapter 2: William Kamkwamba's encounter with magic 

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Joyce Hilda Banda: Joyce Hilda Banda, Malawian politician who served as vice president (2009-12) and president (2012-14) of Malawi. She was the first woman to serve as head of state anywhere in Southern Africa. Banda's official government profile states that she obtained a bachelor's degree from Atlantic

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This article was most recently revised and updated by

Yao, various Bantu-speaking peoples inhabiting southernmost Tanzania, the region between the Rovuma and Lugenda rivers in Mozambique, and the southern part of Malaŵi.

By 1800 the Yao had become known as traders plying between the inland tribes and the Arabs on the east coast. Much of this trade was in slaves, which led eventually to clashes with European powers who were establishing control over former Yao territory in the 19th century. The Yao were never united but lived as small groups ruled by chiefs who were predominantly military and commercial leaders; by 1900 all Yao chiefdoms had come under German, Portuguese, or British rule.

The Yao are an agricultural people using slash-and-burn techniques to cultivate their staples, corn (maize) and sorghum. Fish provide protein in areas near lakes or larger rivers. In Malaŵi they cultivate tobacco as an important cash crop.

The Yao live in compact villages of 75 to 100 persons under traditional headmen. These headmen, like the chiefs, succeed matrilineally, the office usually going to the eldest sister's firstborn son. On marriage the man leaves his village to live in that of his wife, so that villages are composed basically of groups of women related through the female line, together with their spouses. Yao social life features annual initiation ceremonies involving circumcision for boys. Originally, these ceremonies were closely connected with the worship of ancestor spirits, but through Arab contact most Yao are Muslims, and the rites incorporate Islamic elements.

Elizabeth Prine Pauls.

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Yao, various Bantu-speaking peoples inhabiting southernmost Tanzania, the region between the Rovuma and Lugenda rivers in Mozambique, and the southern part of Malaŵi. By 1800 the Yao had become known as traders plying between the inland tribes and the Arabs on the east coast. Much of this trade was

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Grab seriously instant screenshots, screen GIFs, and webpage captures. Get the free app for Windows or Mac to streamline your visual sharing and bookmarking today.

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Williams childhood and who his friends were, Williams point of view about his father and their culture that is focused on magic and or Juju.

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"Whereas most people saw garbage in those cartons, we saw treasure and possibility"

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Juju/black Magic In Nigeria - Blood Money And Spiritual Attacks - Culture - Nigeria

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Do you still believe in Juju? Can Africa prosper with Juju? Juju or black magic used to be very potent in Nigeria especially in the 80s and 90s. Juju comes from the traditional African religion popularly known as voodoo. This includes blood money and spiritual attacks.

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Gule Wamkulu - intangible heritage - Culture Sector - UNESCO

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Website of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage

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A universal theme
is an idea that applies to anyone regardless of cultural differences, or geographic location.

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the subject of a talk, a piece of writing, a person's thoughts, or an exhibition; a topic.

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a historical account or biography written from personal knowledge or special sources.

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a separate introductory section of a literary or musical work.