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Post #10 Word Document: Critical Thinking of Post #3

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Post #10 Word Document: Critical Thinking of Post #3

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Critical Thinking Step-by-Step Process Cassandra Arndt

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Definition:
Some event or thing that defies human reasoning and its existence is completely unknown or indescribable.

Connection (Image):
The Cooper Family Falling Body photo is a great example of an unexplainable case that has led many to believe it is of paranormal nature.  There are many skeptical theories of how this body could have appeared (i.e. photo manipulation, a doll or dead relative) however; the original photo has never been found to explain the real truth. (https://shortoncontent.wordpress.com/2014/03/07/the-cooper-falling-body-photograph/)

Image Source: (https://shortoncontent.wordpress.com/2014/03/07/the-cooper-falling-body-photograph/)

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Post #8 Reason For Belief: Patternicity 

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Post #8 Reason For Belief: Patternicity 

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Definition:
Making quick correlations off of an image or picture. Different perceptions and beliefs can cause people to see different things.

Connection (Image):
Many people (including NASA) claimed that Mars had a human-like face built on its vast landscape, based on the image taken from the Viking 1. The immediate fame of the image perpetuated to pop-culture and seemed as proof to life on other planets, however; another image 25 years afterward revealed it was just an illusion. (https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2001/ast24may_1)

Image Source: (https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2001/ast24may_1)

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Post #7 Reason For Belief: Emotional Connection

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Post #7 Reason For Belief: Emotional Connection

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Definition:
People are more likely to believe something or somebody if it relates to their lives or to their close relationships. A person’s perception and their ways of thinking can be easily interrupted by their emotions.

Connection (Video):
The video attached is an investigation conducted by James Randi regarding Peter Popoff, a faith healer that claims to heal anyone with the will of God (yet all the information was given to him through a wire). He takes advantage of a person’s vulnerabilities and emotions of wanting to get better, exploiting them for their money.

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James Randi Debunks Peter Popoff Faith Healer

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James Randi, best known as a skeptic of pseudoscience, debunked popular myths for "J.C." on the "T.Show". The second in the series of clips shows him blowing the lid off Peter Popoff Ministries and their so-called "faith healing."

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Post #6 Pseudoscience Red Flag: Proof By Verbosity

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Post #6 Pseudoscience Red Flag: Proof By Verbosity

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Definition:
Bombarding the listener with large amounts of information to make their claims seem more reliable, believable and truthful. The listener will think that the large lot of material contributes to its credibility.

Connection (Website):
A Smithsonian blogger evaluates the holes in “Ancient Aliens” and how it is unable to produce a coherent story due to the large volume of information the speakers provide. The show mentions that dinosaurs became extinct from ancient aliens but also that they are still alive today; the speakers spew information to seem credible but end up contradicting themselves.

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The History Channel presents self-appointed challengers of science who take on the idea that aliens caused the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs

smithsonian.com

Until now, I have assiduously avoided Ancient Aliens. I had a feeling that if I watched the show-which popularizes far-fetched, evidence-free idiocy about how human history has been molded by extra-terrestrial visitors-my brain would jostle its way out of my skull and stalk the earth in search of a kinder host. Or, at the very least, watching the show would kill about as many brain cells as a weekend bender in Las Vegas. But then I heard the History Channel's slurry of pseudoscience had taken on dinosaurs. I steeled myself for the pain and watched the mind-melting madness unfold.

I'm actually glad that my editors don't allow me to cuss a blue streak on this blog. If they did, my entire review would be little more than a string of expletives. Given my restrictions, I have little choice but to try to encapsulate the shiny, documentary-format rubbish in a more coherent and reader-sensitive way.

The episode is what you would get if you dropped some creationist propaganda, Erich von Däniken's Chariots of the Gods and stock footage from Jurassic Fight Club into a blender. What results is a slimy and incomprehensible mixture of idle speculation and outright fabrications which pit the enthusiastic "ancient alien theorists," as the narrator generously calls them, against "mainstream science." I would say "You can't make this stuff up," but I have a feeling that that is exactly what most of the show's personalities were doing.

There was so much wrong with the Ancient Aliens episode that I could spend all week trying to counteract every incorrect assertion. This is a common technique among cranks and self-appointed challengers of science; it is called Gish Gallop after young earth creationist Duane Gish. When giving public presentations about evolution and creationism, Gish rapidly spouted off a series of misinterpretations and falsehoods to bury his opponent under an avalanche of fictions and distortions. If Gish's opponent tried to dig themselves out, they would never be able to make enough progress to free themselves to take on Gish directly. Ancient Aliens uses the same tactic-the fictions come fast and furious.

While the main point of the episode is that aliens exterminated dinosaurs to make way for our species-a sci-fi scenario accompanied by some hilarious, mashed-together footage of dinosaurs fleeing from strafing alien craft, perhaps a preview of Dinosaurs vs. Aliens the movie-the various ancient alien experts do little more than assert that such an event must have happened. Surprise, surprise, they provide no actual evidence for their claims. Instead, they borrow evidence for fundamentalist Christians, who are never actually identified as such. Creationist Michael Cremo is identified only as the author of Forbidden Archeology, and Willie E. Dye is credited as a biblical archaeologist without any mention of his young earth creationist views. Ancient Aliens producers clearly did not care about the credentials or expertise of the talking heads they employed-just so long as someone said the right things in front of the camera.

And the creationists didn't disappoint. About halfway through the program, Cremo says, "Some researchers found human footprints alongside the footprints of dinosaurs." The quote is a line out of context from Cremo's interview, but is played in a section claiming that American Museum of Natural History paleontologist Roland T. Bird found human footprints associated with dinosaur trackways in the vicinity of Glen Rose, Texas.

Bird didn't find any such thing. He found many dinosaur footprints and trackways-one of which he and his crew partially excavated and anachronistically placed behind the AMNH's " Brontosaurus "-but no human tracks. Strangely, though, hoaxed human tracks did have a role to play in Bird's decision to initially visit the tracksites.

Bird wasn't the first person to notice the dinosaur tracks, and selling the sauropod and theropod tracks was a cottage industry in the vicinity of Glen Rose. And a few local people carved fake human tracks in the same stone. Bird actually saw a pair of such forgeries at a trading post in Gallup, New Mexico, along with dinosaur tracks removed from the Glen Rose area, shortly before he left to investigate the site himself.

Bird wasn't fooled by the fakes. He saw them for what they were, and was much more interested in the real dinosaur tracks imprinted in the same stone. But some creationists, blinded by dogma, have put their faith behind fakes and even dinosaur tracks that they have misinterpreted as being human footprints. When theropod dinosaurs squatted down, for example, the backs of their lower legs, the metatarsals, left slightly curved depressions in the Cretaceous sediment, and creationists have misconstrued these markings to be the footsteps of ancient people.

Dye takes up the standard creationist line that humans and dinosaurs coexisted and reappears a little later in the episode to throw his support to a different icon of creationist nonsense-the Ica stones from Peru. These famous fakes are stones engraved with images of dinosaurs and humans interacting. They were created by farmer Basilio Uschuya and his wife, using pop culture depictions of dinosaurs in books as their guides. Despite this, both Dye and the Ancient Aliens program present the stones as if they were authentic ancient artifacts that record the survival of dinosaurs such as Triceratops to almost the present day. Dye says that ancient people must have known a lot about dinosaurs because the stones are engraved so precisely, even though we know that precision came from Uschuya copying mid-20th century dinosaur art so carefully. Our narrator says that scientists are skeptical about the origin of the stones, but nothing more.

The show offers a few other awful gems. Our narrator goes on at length about how carbon-14 dating is unreliable for telling the age of dinosaurs, but paleontologists do not use carbon-14 to estimate the age of non-avian dinosaurs. Radiocarbon dating only works for carbon-bearing materials up to about 60,000 years old. Instead, paleontologists use different radiometric dating techniques to constrain the history of non-avian dinosaurs. In uranium-lead dating, for example, geologists investigate the relative abundance of uranium and lead, the element uranium decays into, to determine the age of the rock the materials were sampled from.

Different dating systems are used for rocks of different ages, and these techniques have put time estimates on when dinosaurs lived. The key is finding layers such as ash beds that contain radioactive materials and are above or below layers containing dinosaurs. Since dinosaur bones themselves can't be reliably dated, geochronologists determine the age of the under- or overlying rock to constrain the timeframe for when the dinosaur lived. Ancient Aliens, reliant on tired creationist talking points, casts aspersions over a process that the show's creators clearly don't understand.

But my favorite bit of babble involves the ultimate fate of the dinosaurs. The show can't even keep its own story straight. Fringe television personality Franklin Ruehl makes a case for the modern or recent existence of non-avian dinosaurs by way of the coelacanth. These archaic lobe-finned fish, which Ruehl rightly points out were around long before the first dinosaurs evolved, were thought to be extinct before a live one was hauled up off South Africa in 1938. Since then, a handful of fossil coelacanth finds has bridged the gap between their modern representatives and those that lived at the end of the Cretaceous 66 million years ago. Their unexpected reappearance has often been used by cryptozoologists and true-believers of various stripes to claim that some other prehistoric lineage may really still be out there, even if there's no actual evidence to suggest this is so.

As paleontologist Darren Naish has pointed out multiple times, though, the coelacanth is a red herring. In strata from the past 66 million years or so, at least, coelacanth fossils are rare and hard to identify. It's not really surprising that their fossil record appears to have petered out. Non-avian dinosaurs, however, had bones that were far more diagnostic. In fact, the resolution of prehistoric eras gets better as we investigate slices of time approaching the present. If creatures as large and distinctive as Triceratops, Stegosaurus, Apatosaurus and Tyrannosaurus really did thrive for millions of years after the end-Cretaceous asteroid impact, they would have turned up in the fossil record by now. The evidence is clear-with the exception of avian dinosaurs, all other dinosaur lineages went extinct about 66 million years ago.

Shortly after Ruehl makes his proclamation, however, the program entirely forgets what he said. Near the show's conclusion, the narrator speculates that aliens manipulated dinosaur DNA to turn the imposing creatures into smaller, less-dangerous animals like the coelacanth. Never mind that coelacanths were already present in the world's oceans more than 360 million years ago-more than 130 million years before the very first dinosaurs evolved. The suggestion is unadulterated bunk (as is they whole show, really). And then crazy-haired alien fanatic Giorgio Tsoukalos throws out another idea. The coelacanth really did go extinct, he suggests, but was revived by a "direct guarantee from extraterrestrials" millions of years later. Why? Tsoukalos doesn't seem to care. And his talking head peers generally mutter about aliens clearing the way for our species somehow.

The show can't seem to decide whether aliens exterminated dinosaurs 66 million years ago or whether dinosaurs somehow survived to the modern era. Which is it? Did aliens clear away dinosaurs so that we might live? Or did some dinosaurs escape extinction somehow? Competing ideas bounce around like ping-pong balls during the whole episode. Grandpa Simpson tells more coherent stories.

There were a few real scientists on the program. Paleontologists Luis Chiappe and Mark Wilson, for example, make appearances throughout the show. I can't help but feel bad for them, and wonder whether scientists should simply boycott appearing on such programs. While I think it's worthwhile and essential to call out false claims made in the name of science-such as intelligent design and myths of living dinosaurs-programs like Ancient Aliens only abuse scientists. Responsible researchers are typically taken out of context to help set up unsupported fictions spewed by the alien fan club. Shows like Ancient Aliens, MonsterQuest and Finding Bigfoot apparently have little or no interest in actually talking about science. The most sensationalist speculation will always triumph. On these shows, scientists just can't win.

Ancient Aliens is some of the most noxious sludge in television's bottomless chum bucket. Actual experts are brought in to deliver sound bites that are twisted and taken out of context while fanatics are given free reign. Fiction is presented as fact, and real scientific research is so grossly misrepresented that I can only conclude that the program is actively lying to viewers. To present the show as a documentary, on a non-fiction network, is a loathsome move by the History Channel spinoff. (Technically, Ancient Aliens airs on an offshoot of the History Channel called H2.) If the network and the show's creators want to present Ancient Aliens as a light survey of fringe ideas and make it clear that the ideas aren't meant to be taken seriously, I can't quarrel with that. But Ancient Aliens and shows like it winnow away at actual scientific understanding by promoting absolute dreck. Ancient Aliens is worse than bad television. The program shows a sheer contempt for science and what we really know about nature.

About Brian Switek

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The Idiocy, Fabrications and Lies of Ancient Aliens

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smithsonian.com Until now, I have assiduously avoided Ancient Aliens . I had a feeling that if I watched the show-which popularizes far-fetched, evidence-free idiocy about how human history has been molded by extra-terrestrial visitors-my brain would jostle its way out of my skull and stalk the earth in search of a kinder host.

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Post #5 Pseudoscience Red Flag: Ancient Wisdom 

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Post #5 Pseudoscience Red Flag: Ancient Wisdom 

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Definition:
Ancient wisdom describes that traditions, procedures or objects from long ago are more suitable than current technology. It assumes that citizens from the past have more knowledge than civilization today.

Connection (Website):
According Guatemalan culture, the ancient Mayan tradition of using “worry dolls” can magically relieve a person from their troubles and frustrations. The family in the article claim that these dolls improved their lives and firmly believe in this ancient practice, despite that other more scientific procedures exist (e.g. counselling, psychiatrists).

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Worrying seems to have become part of our cultural DNA nowadays. Between our busy jobs, schedules, and to-do lists, we're constantly coming up with new stress-based strategies for living.

Worrying can quickly feel like it's taking over your life. Many of us have experienced the seemingly endless cycle of stress that comes with spending sleepless nights worrying: first worrying about our immediate problems - kids, finances, uncompleted tasks - then worrying about the lost sleep, then worrying about worrying too much!

We all know we need to stop worrying to lead longer and healthier lives. Fortunately, the Mayas figured out how to reduce worry and anxiety-related insomnia centuries ago - all it took was some leftover scraps from weaving, wood splinters, and a little bit of magic. Curious?

An Ancient Legend

The origins of the legend are unknown, but worry dolls are a tradition passed down from generation to generation. People in every locale in the Guatemalan highlands, from Sacatepéquez to Chimaltenango, from Quiche to Sololá, maintain the worry doll custom and believe that these magical creations have the power to improve lives.

How Worry Dolls Work

When family members are worried or suffering from nightmares, relatives present them with a worry doll or set of worry dolls made from recycled bits of foot loom fabric and sticks. When placed in the palm of the hand or under a pillow, the dolls become confidantes of sorts, listening to their whispered fears and worries. According to legend, those troubles are then transferred to the dolls and taken away. The next morning, when the doll is placed in a box, the worry is forever bound there, never bothering the worrier again.

How to Make Your Own Worry Doll

NOVICA recently caught up with Clara Luz Sanchez and her family, who have been making worry dolls for afflicted relatives for years in San Lorenzo el Cubo, a small village near Antigua, Guatemala. Clara was kind enough to share how to make these precious dolls so that you can live worry-free as well!

Materials: recycled foot loom fabric (or plain old colored cotton), panty hose, sponge, 100% cotton thread, metal wire, craft paper, and reed fiber sticks.

1. Frame: First make the "skeleton" with the reed sticks and paper-lined wire. A simple cross shape will do to create the structure for a doll wearing a skirt.

2. Head: Now make the head with the panty hose fabric material stretched over the sponge, which can then be stuck to the skeleton.

3. Face: Sew the face with the thread. (If you prefer, you can also draw the face on with a permanent marker.)

4. Clothing: Dress the doll with the colorful fabrics! Tie the end of a long piece of cotton around the middle of the doll, wrapping the fabric around the body and down the legs, then tie off the loose thread.

2. Headdress: The last step is to dress the worry doll with a small piece of fabric, covering its head with the type of veil traditionally worn by Mayan women.

Bring Home the Legend of the Worry Doll

Clara tells of many happy experiences with the dolls: not only does her family make them with a lot of love for their craft, but with a little bit of faith, the dolls really work and take worries away.

But you don't have to take our word for it. You likely have a friend or family member in need of a little stress relief, so make them a worry doll today and soon you'll see their worries evaporate. Not the crafting type? Purchase their favorite handcrafted item from NOVICA Central America instead and receive an authentic Guatemalan worry doll free with the packaging.

So next time you find yourself losing sleep with worry and stress, remember the legend of the humble worry doll. With a little bit of faith, you and your loved ones will be sleeping soundly in no time!
Are worry dolls already helping you sleep soundly? Tell us about it in the comments!

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Live Worry-Free - The Ancient Maya Reveal All

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Worrying seems to have become part of our cultural DNA nowadays. Between our busy jobs, schedules, and to-do lists, we're constantly coming up with new stress-based strategies for living. Worrying can quickly feel like it's taking over your life.

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Post #4 Pseudoscience Red Flag: Appeal to Authority

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Post #4 Pseudoscience Red Flag: Appeal to Authority

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Definition:

Appeal to authority attempts to convince the legitimacy of an object by using important figures or associations.

Connection (Image):
These two old posters suggest the customer can make fat disappear by wearing rubber clothes and that a person can still drive after having four drinks of alcohol. It uses authoritative figures (a doctor and “H.M.G Health Commission”) to persuade their audiences to buy unsafe products and to behave carelessly.

Image Source: (http://imgur.com/gallery/2dF1J)

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Post #3 Pseudoscience Red Flag: Mystical Energy 

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Post #3 Pseudoscience Red Flag: Mystical Energy 

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Definition:
Mystical energy is a power or force often credited to heal or balance the patient/client. This term is often abused because it sounds as if it has some sort of scientific explanation, when it does not.

Connection (Website):
By utilizing magnetic therapy it claims to heal/treat pain or diseases through changing a person’s “energy flow”. The website provided connects by debunking this assumption as it considers multiple studies that prove that magnetic therapy only acts a placebo and has no real effect on bodily functions.

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The magnetic field of a magnet visualized by spin-polarized neutrons.

Credit: Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin

Magnetic therapy is an alternative medical practice that uses static (i.e. unmoving) magnets to alleviate pain and other health concerns. So-called therapeutic magnets are typically integrated into bracelets, rings, or shoe inserts, though therapeutic magnetic mattresses and clothing are also on the market.

Many well-conducted studies over the past three decades have shown that static magnetic devices offer no more or no less benefit than sham devices devoid of a magnet. These studies suggest that static magnetic therapy devices may not work at all beyond having a placebo effect on those who wear them.

Despite a lack of scientific evidence to support claims that commercially available magnetic therapy devices work, wearable magnets remain extremely popular. Global sale of therapeutic magnets is estimated to be at least $1 billion a year, according to the BBC.

Magnetic therapy dates back at least 2,000 years, according to a report by New York University's Langone Medical Center. Folk healers in Europe and Asia are believed to have used magnets to try to treat a variety of ailments. These healers may have believed that magnets could actually draw disease from the body.

Today, those who believe in the efficacy of magnetic therapy often cite the ability of static magnets to alter a person's bioenergetic fields, or biofields, which are "energy fields that purportedly surround and penetrate the human body," according to the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Practitioners of certain alternative medical techniques may refer to this alleged bioenergetic field as life force, chi or energy flow. Some believe that such fields can be manipulated - sometimes using magnets - to treat illness or injury, according to an article published in 1999 in the Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine.

Many companies that sell therapeutic magnets also claim that a small magnet inside of a bracelet or other device helps increase blood flow to the area of the body where the device is worn. This increased blood flow is then said to help tissues heal faster.

While this idea may sound plausible because blood contains iron and magnets attract iron, the iron in blood is bound to hemoglobin and is not ferromagnetic (that permanent kind of magnetism that keeps magnets on a refrigerator, for example). If blood was ferromagnetic, you would essentially blow up when undergoing an MRI scan, in which the magnets used are thousands of times more powerful than those incorporated into magnetic bracelets and the like, according to an article by Dr. Bruce Flamm, a clinical professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of California, Irvine.

Regardless, the therapeutic magnets sold to ease aches and pains have magnetic fields that are generally too weak to penetrate your skin. You can test this by observing the weak interaction between a magnetic shoe insert and a paperclip when separated by a sock. Human skin is about 3 millimeters deep, thicker than some socks.

The most commonly used therapeutic magnets measure 400 to 800 gauss (one of the units in which magnet strength is expressed). Also known as permanent magnets, the static magnets used in magnetic therapy devices come in two different polarity arrangements, according to the Langone Medical Center report. The magnets are either unipolar, which means they have north on one side and south on the other, or they are alternating-pole, which means they are made from a sheet of magnetic material with north and south magnets arranged in an alternating pattern.

Scientific studies on human subjects have failed to show the efficacy of using magnets to treat pain or joint and muscle stiffness. One of the largest studies was published in 2007 in the Canadian Medical Association Journal - a systematic review of numerous previous studies on static magnets.

While some smaller studies in this review reported therapeutic value, larger studies did not. The researchers concluded: "The evidence does not support the use of static magnets for pain relief, and therefore magnets cannot be recommended as an effective treatment."

One positive result often cited by magnetic therapy advocates is a 1997 study from Baylor College of Medicine, titled "Response of pain to static magnetic fields in postpolio patients: a double-blind pilot study."

This study, led by Carlos Vallbona, reported "significant and prompt relief of pain in postpolio subjects" through the use of a 300-500 gauss magnet (about 10 times stronger than a refrigerator magnet) for 45 minutes on the affected area of 50 patients in pain.

But the Baylor study was both small and somewhat controversial, according to James Livingston, a retired MIT lecturer and former physicist with General Electric. Both doctors who conducted the study reported that they had used magnets to relieve their own knee pain prior to the study. This raises some doubts about the researchers' objectivity, Livingston said.

Vallbona and his fellow researcher never duplicated their positive results in a larger study and, in fact, never published again on the topic.

In 2006, UC Irvine's Flamm took a closer look at the science behind therapeutic magnets in an article that he published with Leonard Finegold, a professor of physics at Drexel University. For their article, published in the British Medical Journal, the authors reviewed the scientific literature on the efficacy of commercially available therapeutic magnets to treat a variety of ailments. They found no evidence that such magnets actually work.

"As far as static field magnets, there is definitely no evidence that they work," Finegold told Live Science.

Finegold's assertion is in keeping with the position of the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) on magnet therapy. The NCCIH's website states, "scientific evidence does not support the use of magnets for pain relief." The organization also states that no such evidence exists to support the use of magnets in the treatment of conditions such as fibromyalgia.

Additional reporting by Christopher Wanjek, Live Science Contributor

Additional resources

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Magnetic therapy is an alternative medical practice that uses static (i.e. unmoving) magnets to alleviate pain and other health concerns. So-called therapeutic magnets are typically integrated into bracelets, rings, or shoe inserts, though therapeutic magnetic mattresses and clothing are also on the market.

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Post #1 Title: Paranormal and Pseudoscience (GNED-1512), Assignment 1

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Post #1 Title: Paranormal and Pseudoscience (GNED-1512), Assignment 1

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Created By: Cassandra Arndt, Working Individually.

Background Image Source: (https://www.walldevil.com/722011-haunted-background-wallpaper.html)

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Post #2 Pseudoscience Red Flag: All Natural

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Post #2 Pseudoscience Red Flag: All Natural

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Definition:
All natural refers to a product derived completely from the environment however; it is a misleading and vague phrase that can be harmful. This can apply to modern day products or supplements that claim to be natural and healthier but still possess dangerous chemical additives.

Connection (Video):
This video by CBC Marketplace connects because it describes that the term “natural” is merely a voluntary guideline to follow; there is no set standard for companies. Ten products are given “Lousy Labels” for deceiving customers into buying products they think are better and safer just because it claims to be natural.

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Can't see the video? Check our blog for solutions

How many personal care products have you used today? Shampoo, deodorant, lotion, makeup, diapers, baby wipes, etc. - the products add up, and so do the chemicals.

That's why about 64 per cent of us say we're using more "natural" items. But how can you tell if a product is really natural or organic?

Marketplace takes a closer look at some of the green labelling on personal care products. We discover that many of those natural and organic labels are often misleading or exaggerating their claims.

It turns out that labels such as "natural" and even "organic" are not regulated. They're just marketing terms.

Some of the "so-called" natural products on the market are no different than the regular, often cheaper brands.

Erica Johnson separates the truly green products from the "greenwashed" - products that look green, but really aren't - in our top ten countdown of the most misleading natural products.

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Can't see the video? Check our blog for solutions How many personal care products have you used today? Shampoo, deodorant, lotion, makeup, diapers, baby wipes, etc. - the products add up, and so do the chemicals. That's why about 64 per cent of us say we're using more "natural" items. But how can you tell if a product is really natural or organic?