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http://www.timetoast.com/timelines/1547844

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Whether it be a very literal frame (that went through a popular “prop” phase), environmental, or structural framing, framing with light or lack of light, they all work well to bring the viewer's eye to your subject. Framing is actually defined by Wikipedia as 'a technique used to bring focus to a subject'.

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Because photographs are two-dimensional, we have to convey a sense of depth. You can create depth in a photo by including objects in the foreground, middle ground and background. Another useful composition technique is overlapping, where you deliberately partially obscure one object with another. The human eye naturally recognizes these layers and mentally separates them out, creating an image with more depth.

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We are surrounded by symmetry and patterns, both natural and man-made. They make for an eye-catching compositions. A great way to use them is to break the symmetry or pattern in some way, introducing a focal point to the scene.
Patterns, both natural and man-made, bring a sense of visual rhythm and harmony to photographs that capture the imagination. Patterns appear whenever strong graphic elements—lines, colors, shapes, or forms—repeat themselves.
A symmetrical shot with strong composition and a good point of interest can lead to a striking image – but without the strong point of interest it can be a little predictable.

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There are two types of balance in photography.
The first is formal balance, also called symmetrical balance. As the name suggest it is when one or more identical or similar subjects are repeated symmetrical on each sides of a given point. The formal balance is most often recognized by subjects that are uniform in shape.

The second type, informal balance or so called asymmetrical balance is when one or more dissimilar elements are balancing on each side of a given point. Informal balance is less obvious because the subjects are not uniform. A well made image using informal balance is more appealing to the viewer compared to a symmetrical composed image.

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Our eye is naturally drawn along lines.  Leading lines are used to draw the viewer’s eye through a photograph. They are intentional or unintentional, natural lines created in the space of the photograph and are used to create a visual narrative in the composition. Leading lines are also used to draw your eye to a focal point in the shot that you would like to highlight.

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The rule of thirds is a "rule of thumb" or guideline which applies to the process of composing visual images such as designs, films, paintings, and photographs.The guideline proposes that an image should be imagined as divided into nine equal parts by two equally spaced horizontal lines and two equally spaced vertical lines, and that important compositional elements should be placed along these lines or their intersections.

The photograph below demonstrates the application of the rule of thirds. The horizon sits at the horizontal line dividing the lower third of the photo from the upper two-thirds. The tree sits at the intersection of two lines, sometimes called a power point or a crash point. Points of interest in the photo do not have to actually touch one of these lines to take advantage of the rule of thirds. For example, the brightest part of the sky near the horizon where the sun recently set does not fall directly on one of the lines, but does fall near the intersection of two of the lines, close enough to take advantage of the rule

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A type of computer art that begins with a digitized photograph. Using special image enhancement software, the artist can then apply a variety of special effects to transform the photo into a work of art.
It basically incorporates live pictures with illustrations and drawings, this is done by using editing software and post production effects.

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Fine art photography is photography created in accordance with the vision of the artist as photographer. Fine art photography stands in contrast to representational photography, such as photojournalism, which provides a documentary visual account of specific subjects and events, literally re-presenting objective reality rather than the subjective intent of the photographer; and commercial photography, the primary focus of which is to advertise products or services, to put it in Lehman's terms, it focuses more on the creativity of the artist rather than focusing on the reality and accuracy of the picture, therefore laving it to both the interpretation of the artist and the audience.

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Architectural photography is the photographing of buildings and similar structures that are both aesthetically pleasing and accurate representations of their subjects.
The architectural photographers are usually skilled in the use of specialized techniques and equipment, in this picture for example, the use of leading lines and prospective(or depth of field) can be seen really well as the focus of the picture is not right in front but is in what may be called the background.

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Medical Photography is a specialized area of photography that concerns itself with the documentation of the clinical presentation of patients,medical and surgical procedures, medical devices and specimens from autopsy.
This genre of photography is usually used for educational purposes and this is because the images help medical students get a first hand visual without having to cut open a perfectly healthy human being/ animal.

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Photography and fashion go hand in hand, that's why magazines such as GQ and Vogue rely on glossy images to extenuate their models and their clothing.
Wild Styles and Hair designs are often used to make a statement, this is because it is not street fashion, so it is not meant to be practical, everyday, clothing, but its meant to be art, which also enable the magazines to use Photoshop and other software to twick and change the pictures to make them more eye caching and appealing

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Uses Realistic Style, by that it tries to represent the reality of the subject that is the focus of the picture. It uses natural lighting to enhance that aspect of reality which, however, ca n be the only real part about the picture. These types of photographs are usually used by charities who are trying to get funds for kids in need, or to cure world hunger.
In this picture for example, you can see a small Asian kid, in the mist of poverty and trash , this meant to evoke emotion on his behalf, so that you will pity this small child.

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Photo Journalism is a way of communicating news  through the art  of Photography., This means that it usually refers to chronicle events or environments both significant and relevant to history and historical events. Some notable photo journalistic pictures include: the man in Tienanmen Square, or , to stay in China, the picture of the monk sitting amidst the flames. These pictures are the most realistic and usually have the potential to make history as it can be the first image to come out of a tumultuous country.

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Used to display a person's expression/mood/attitude, this by  using effective lighting, backdrops, and poses.
Usually focused on the face (like in this case) some times  the entire body and the background used some times to make the picture more artsy and better looking.A portrait picture might be artistic, or it might be clinical, as part of a medical study.
Portrait pictures are most likely use by modelling agencies to capture the personality of their models.

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Promotional pictures were primarily used in by the music industry, to promote an artist's up coming album/tour.  Nowadays however it is used in every industry, especially by Promotions to promote pay-per-views, by countries to encourage tourism and by companies to promote new ventures or openings.
In the example I chose is one of the highest grossing pay per views ever

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This Picture can be categorised as an Advertising photograph, as it has many elements that were added in later via editing softwares just to add an extra aesthetic to it. this is done by the company to promote their product. In some other cases this same type of picture is used to promote a certain type of Lifestyle, Concept or Idea.
This style of picture usually involves dark backgrounds used t enhance the product, or in this case the the athlete that is being paid to promote this sports wear, the lighting is all fake and manipulated to give us the impression that he is more capable because he is wearing this brand, and as the brand motto says, he's earned it.