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A rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants. It provides the cell with both structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mechanism.

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The cell wall is a sturdy fence surrounding the city, protecting the structure from harm and only allowing entrance by outsiders through specified gates and openings. The wall also keeps inhabitants safe inside, preventing them from venturing out into potential danger and leaving the city or in other words the cell.

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Encloses the cell and all of its contents. The cell membrane has selective permeability meaning it can choose and monitors what comes in and out the cell. The membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer arranged back-to-back.

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The Border Patrol is in charge of enclosing the city and all of its contents. Its mission is to detect and prevent illegal aliens, terrorists and terrorist weapons from entering the city, and prevent illegal trafficking of people. In the cities situation, it's job is to regulate which molecules are allowed to enter and exit the city.

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The nucleus cell contains the majority of the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA molecules. The function of the nucleus is to maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell.

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Just like the City Hall, the nucleus is highly secured. The nucleus makes all the laws for the city. It tells the organelles how and when to grow, what proteins to synthesize, and how and when to divide. It has all the information the city needs to function. The nucleus does all of this by using DNA to make laws.The City Hall then enforces these laws.

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The nucleoli is a small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell. It makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes make proteins, therefore, the nucleolus plays a vital role in making proteins in the cell.

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A Prime Minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government. The PM is able the give special and specific jobs to the people of the city, for the city to be functional. The jobs given out are like the ribosomes shot out of the nucleolus. The roles of these jobs are like the proteins being used for the cell to be functional.

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Ribosomes are spat out from nuclear envelope. They can be found floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.  It's job is to assemble amino acids into polypeptides and is the cell structure that makes protein.

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In the city the delivery truck carries all important goods to the golgi apparatus. The DNA is like the map for the truck to follow to get through the city or on other terms the cytoplasm. Some goods get left behind and those would be the ribosomes stuck onto the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

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The endoplasmic reticulum are organelles that create a network of membranes that carry stuff around the cell, these membranes are phospholipid bilayers. It serves many general functions, including the folding of protein molecules in sacs called cisternae and the transport of synthesized proteins in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum ER Analogy: Highway System

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Endoplasmic Reticulum ER Analogy: Highway System

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Both endoplasmic reticulum perform the same function, which is to transport materials produced in a cell. Therefore, in the city, both, the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum can be compared to the highway, where materials are being transported

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The rough ER is found throughout the cell but the density is higher near the nucleus and the Golgi apparatus. It connects the nucleus of the cell with its plasma membrane and is often intertwined with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. It is a series of collapsed, interconnected sac like structures with ribosomes embedded on its surface. The rough ER transports the proteins made by the ribosomes to the Golgi apparatus.

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The rough ER is where the instructions from headquarters are given to the the line workers to do to their products. Proteins are synthesized and transported for use in the cell's chemistry.

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The smooth ER is a smooth network of tubes. The function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum include synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones, detoxification of medications and poisons, and storage of calcium ions. They also transport materials that are produced.

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The smooth ER helps in the synthesis and packaging of proteins. This factory warehouse contains enzymes that help in the creation of important lipids, detoxification of medications and poisons and stores ions and solutions that the cell might need later on.

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The golgi apparatus is made up of stacks of membranous layers that are sometimes called golgi bodies. The golgi bodies can cut up large proteins into smaller hormones and combines proteins with carb to make molecules, for example, snot.

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In a way the golgi apparatus is like the post office because they have to sort out the packages that were given to them by the people (or in the cell's case the ER). After recieving the packages, they have to rearrange them and make sure that the letters get to their appropiate address or destination. The post office, processes and packages proteins, before sending them out wherever they need to go.

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These organelles are sacks full of enzymes, that break down cellular waste from outside the cell, turning them into simple compounds, then transferred into the cytoplasm as new cell building materials.

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Lysosomes Analogy: Waste Treatment Plants

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Lysosomes Analogy: Waste Treatment Plants

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Lysosomes are like waste treatments plants and recycling centers. They are similar because lysosomes get rid of waste materials. The waste plants take wastes from outside the city and turns them into usable products for the cities benefits.

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The vacuoles and vesicles packages molecules into vesicles made up of phospholipid membranes. They float through the cytoplasm to the golgi apparatus and is absorbed. After the golgi does its work on the molecules inside the sac, a secretory vesicle is created and released into the cytoplasm. From there, the vesicle moves to the cell membrane and the molecules are released out of the cell.

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These organelle can be compared to courier services such as Fedex, they are simply the transporter of substances to and from the golgi apparatus, into and out of the cell.

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The peroxisomes is a single membrane that surrounds the digestive enzymes. It is catalase that breaks down the very toxic hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. This organelle found in both animal cells and plant cells, a peroxisome is a membrane-bound cellular organelle that contains mostly enzymes.

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A peroxisome is like a public compost. That is where all the people leave there wastes because when mixed together it breaks down lipids, D-amino acids, and toxins, much like a compost would break down big pieces of food.

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The most prominent roles of mitochondria are to produce the energy currency of the cell called ATP. They are organelles that act like a digestive system which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell. Energy is derived from carbohydrates fats and other fuels and converted to ATP.

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Just like a cell needs energy to function, a city need money to function. ATP is the main currency in the city.

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Chloroplasts work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells. It is a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place. It all depends on the little green chlorophyll molecules in each chloroplast.

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Chloroplasts Analogy: Trees and other plants

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Chloroplasts Analogy: Trees and other plants

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The chloroplast would be the trees and other plants planted around the cell city. Chloroplasts are organelles that are used by plants to convert energy from the sun into chemical energy in organic compounds like starches and sugars. This process is called photosynthesis. Trees and other plants in a city would basically do the same thing including providing oxygen and getting rid of CO2 from the air. These plants would provide vegetables and fruits for people in the city. Plants in general would provide food, and lessen pollution for the city.

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Cilia and flagella are projections from the cell. They are made out of long protein fibers called microtubules and are covered by an extension of the plasma membrane. They are designed either to move the cell itself or to move substances over or around the cell.

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Cilia and Flagella Analogy: Transit System

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Cilia and Flagella Analogy: Transit System

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These microtubules are like the transit systems in the city. They move the people or in this case the cells to their designated locations.

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A centriole is a small set of microtubules arranged in a specific way. The main function of the centriole is to help with cell division in animal cells. The centrioles are found in pairs and move towards the poles of the nucleus when it is time for cell division.

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Centrioles are a special type of reinforcement. They assemble long microtubules of protein that act like steel rods holding all the cities buildings together.