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Flaviviridae

The Flaviviridae are a family of positive, single-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses. They are found in arthropods, (primarily ticks and mosquitoes), and can occasionally infect humans.

Members of this family belong to a single genus, Flavivirus, and cause widespread morbidity and mortality throughout the world.

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is an arbovirus or arthropod-borne virus

[Arbovirus is a term applied to any virus that is transmitted to humans and/or other vertebrates by certain species of blood-feeding arthropods, chiefly insects (flies and mosquitoes) and arachnids (ticks) in the Flaviviridae family].

transmitted by a mosquito vector (primarily through the bite of infected Aedes or Haemagogus species mosquitoes).

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Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which often transmit Yellow Fever, thrive in and near human habitations and breed in the water.

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According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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Yellow Fever is a viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF). VHFs are caused by viruses of four distinct families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae. Each of these families share a number of features:

They are all RNA viruses, and are all covered, or enveloped, in a fatty (lipid) coating.

Their survival is dependent on an animal or insect host, called the natural reservoir.

The viruses are geographically restricted to the areas where their host species live.

Humans are not the natural reservoir for any of these viruses. Humans are infected when they come into contact with infected hosts. However, with some viruses, after the accidental transmission from the host, humans can transmit the virus to one another.

Human cases or outbreaks of hemorrhagic fevers caused by these viruses occur sporadically and irregularly. The occurrence of outbreaks cannot be easily predicted.

With a few noteworthy exceptions, there is no cure or established drug treatment for VHFs.

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Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) refer to a group of illnesses that are caused by several distinct families of viruses. In general, the term “viral hemorrhagic fever” is used to describe a severe multisystem syndrome (multisystem in that multiple organ systems in the body are affected). Characteristically, the overall vascular system is damaged, and the body’s ability to regulate itself is impaired. These symptoms are often accompanied by hemorrhage (bleeding); however, the bleeding is itself rarely life-threatening. While some types of hemorrhagic fever viruses can cause relatively mild illnesses, many of these viruses cause severe, life-threatening disease.

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Most people will not have symptoms.

Some people will develop yellow fever illness with initial symptoms including:

Sudden onset of fever

Chills

Severe headache

Back pain

General body aches

Nausea

Vomiting

Fatigue (feeling tired)

Weakness

Most people with the initial symptoms improve within one week.

For some people who recover, weakness and fatigue (feeling tired) might last several months.

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A few people will develop a more severe form of the disease.

For 1 out of 7 people who have the initial symptoms, there will be a brief remission (a time you feel better) that may last only a few hours or for a day, followed by a more severe form of the disease.

Severe symptoms include:

High fever

Yellow skin (jaundice)

Bleeding

Shock

Organ failure

Severe yellow fever disease can be deadly.

Among those who develop severe disease, 30-60% die.

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Although there are no treatments available for Yellow Fever,  providers will usually focus on managing symptoms and limiting complications. The most effective way to prevent infection from Yellow Fever virus is to prevent mosquito bites. Use insect repellent, wear long-sleeved shirts and pants, and treat clothing and gear.