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Religion is considered a basic for school curriculum. They believe "educational humanism was a threat that paled into relative insignificance in the face of the peril of its underlying philosophy of 'secular humanism'.

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report in 1983 believe that "the educational foundations of our society are presently being eroded by a rising tide of mediocrity that threatens our very future as a nation and a people."
Calls for focus on "Five New Basics"

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Wrote Educational Wastelands: The Retreat from Learning from Public Schools & The Restoration of Learning: A Program for Redeeming the Unfulfilled Promise of American Education

Critical of progressivism

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formed in 1950s
By Smith & Bestor
2nd major essentialist organization to give voice for essentialism

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Essentialist Committee for Advancement of American Educators

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Essentialist Committee for Advancement of American Educators

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formed in 1938
by Bagley, Kandel, & Breed
believe that education is deteriorating

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Felt education was "too soft"

believe education moved away from the basics such as the three R's

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Essentialism focuses on elementary/secondary education while Perennialism focuses on higher education

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Essentialist Principle 3: Teacher is the locus of classroom authority

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Essentialist Principle 3: Teacher is the locus of classroom authority

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Teacher is respected & the one teaching. Has the right to use discipline.

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Essentialist Principle 2: Learning is hard work & requires discipline

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Essentialist Principle 2: Learning is hard work & requires discipline

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Effort is more important than interest & students should focus on discipline on tasks

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Essentialist Principle 1: School's first task is to teach basic knowledge

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Essentialist Principle 1: School's first task is to teach basic knowledge

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Teaching the basics to mastery will prepare students to function as a citizen in society.

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Published several books.  Believes U.S. has best universities, yet the worse public schools due to progressive & humanistic groups.

Believes "to be culturally literate is to possess the basic information needed to thrive in the modern world."

Published The Schools We Need and Why We Don't Have Them, Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know, & the Core Knowledge Series, such as What Your First Grader Needs to Know.

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American Protestantism  want to have religion back into school curriculum.

Christian Day schools grew in the 1980's.

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Essentialist believe high school standards should focus on 5 basics: English, Math, Science, Social Studies, & computer science

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Believes there is a lack of developed minds in the U.S.

Recommended adoption of European-type education systems that focus on the basics so that students are prepared for higher education

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more concerned with facts and truth rather than innovation

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Do not have singular philosophic base; underlying from idealism and realism