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The attachment sites of the tail fibres of the phage (T4 and lamda phages) bind to the complementary specific surface receptor sites of the host bacterium's cell wall.

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T4: bacterial membrane is degraded by lysozyme in base plate.
The tail core protein is driven through the wall to the membrane, puncturing it as the phage ds DNA sis injected through the core towards the bacterial inner membrane

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Glycoprotein 120(gp 120) on HIV envelope binds specifically to complementary CD4 receptor on host cell membrane, leading to fusion of HIV envelope to the host cell membrane, aided by glycoprotein 41 (gp 41)

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Haemagglutinin in Influenza will bind to surface receptors that contain sialic acid on the host's cell membrane which enables receptor mediated endocytosis where the host's cell membrane surrounds the virus, forming endocytic vacuole.

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In the release stage of the viral reproductive cycles of HIV and influenza, the viruses are released from the host cell by budding off the host cell membrane as it surrounds the (+) sense single-stranded RNA and proteins, thus acquiring their envelope from portions of the host cell membrane with glycoproteins, such as HA and NA in influenza and gp120 and gp41 in HIV respectively

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• Influenza
- the virus is engulfed by receptor-mediated endocytosis as the host cell membrane invaginates, fuses and pinched off.
- the virus is enclosed in an endocytic vesicles (made up of phospolibid bilateral of the host cell)
- the viral envelope fuses with the membrane of the endocytotic vesicles, releasing the nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm

• HIV
- fusion of the HIV envelope with the host cell’s membrane releases the nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm of the host cell

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During synthesis for influenza virus the Neuraminidase and Haemagglutinin are transported on ribosomes on the surface of the RER , which is then secreted through the Golgi apparatus onto the cell surface membrane.

Additionally, the same process happens for HIV virus , where instead, the GP120 and GP41 is transported to the cell surface membrane.

The cell surface membrane allows for the proteins to be embedded.

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In HIV, the cell surface membrane of the host cell contains glycoproteins that have previously been embedded. Nucleocapsids move to these areas in the cell surface membrane to be bud off and released in the next stage.

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During the penetration stage of the T4 lytic cycle, the bacterial cell surface membrane allows the irreversible attachment of the baseplate pins anchored by the tail fibre for infection to proceed.

During the penetration stage of the influenza virus, the host cell membrane invaginates, fuses and pinches off, engulfing the virus by receptor-mediated endocytosis. The viral envelope fuses with thr membrane of the endocytotic vesicle, releasing the nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm.

During the penetration stage of HIV, the host cell's membrane fuses with the HIV envelope, releasing nucleocapsids into the cytoplasm of the host cell