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This exhibit is going to be looking at what addiction looked like in the 1800s. The artifacts will talk about some of the different kinds of addiction present at that time, as well as how it was handled. Below is a brief video on the current neuroscience behind addiction¹.

Source:
(1) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VI4KZWtROt0

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In the early 1800s, Americans consumed more alcohol than at any other time, past or present¹. It would be safe to assume that this excessive drinking caused many to become addicted. In 1858, Dr. J. Edward Turner founded the The New York State Inebriate Asylum, which is pictured below². The asylum was the first of its kind and was founded because Dr. Turner believed that alcoholism was a disease and should be treated as such². The asylum was to be a place where its patients could be treated both medically and morally².

Source:
(1) https://www.historynet.com/uneasy-about-alcohol-america-and-the-booze-question.htm
(2) http://nysasylum.com/biahist.htm

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Pictured below is the opium poppy, which has been known to have pain reducing properties for thousands of years, along with its pain reducing properties comes addictive properties as well¹. In the 1800s, there were three major new drugs derived from this plant¹. These drugs are classified as opioids. The first to be derived was morphine, which became popularized as a medication for wounded soldiers in the American Civil War¹. The next opiate was codeine, which was derived in 1830 and used as a cough medicine¹. In 1874, the third opioid isolated was heroin, which was supposed to be less addictive than morphine but turned out to be twice as potent1 (oops).

Source:
(1) https://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/painkillers/a-short-history.html

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We are currently dealing with an opioid crisis, and it has been said that those who don't learn from history are doomed to repeat it, which might just be the case right now. A contributing factor to the current opioid crisis has been overprescription of opioids by physicians, and it turns out this was one of the same causes of the first opioid epidemic in the 1800s1,2. As the Civil War was taking place doctors began prescribing morphine to relief pain, which would range from mild to severe². Below is a picture from the Carver General Hospital during the Civil War and it is more than likely that many of those men had been given morphine to treat one thing or the other². Because of the wide use of morphine by the military physicians, many men became addicted after the war and were called "opium slaves²." However, men weren't the only ones affected by this disease. In the late 1800s, over 60% of people addicted to opium were actually women³. Doctors prescribed morphine for their female patients during their menstrual cycles³. The high addictiveness of morphine was known, however, doctors did not begin prescribing other substitutes for opiates until 1895³.

Source:
(1) https://www.statnews.com/2017/10/29/opioid-epidemic-shares-chilling-similarities-with-past-drug-crises/
(2) https://www.binghamton.edu/news/story/2405/civil-war-on-drugs-doctoral-candidate-explores-the-nations-first-opioid-epidemic
(3) https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/inside-story-americas-19th-century-opiate-addiction-180967673/

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In 1859, Albert Niemann derived cocaine from the leaves of a coca plant and noted that it caused him to lose feeling in his tongue1,2. Pictured below are some examples of cocaine in different forms for use as various anesthetics¹. The anesthetic property of cocaine was discovered in 1884¹. Cocaine became very popular despite patients dying due to overdose while under anesthesia². Cocaine was actually supposed to help with the rising morphine addiction of the time, however cocaine itself is highly addictive³. Not only did cocaine numb physical pain, but it created a euphoric effect which could block the emotional pain in its recipients⁴.

Source:
(1) https://www.woodlibrarymuseum.org/museum/cocaine/
(2) https://www.history.com/topics/crime/history-of-cocaine
(3) https://www.statnews.com/2017/10/29/opioid-epidemic-shares-chilling-similarities-with-past-drug-crises/
(4) https://www.lunarecovery.com/a-short-take-on-the-long-history-of-cocaine/

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What If We Psychoanalyze While We Are High?

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What If We Psychoanalyze While We Are High?

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Pictured below is Sigmund Freud, who was very much in favor of the development of cocaine¹. Freud was first introduced to cocaine by pharmaceutical companies that wanted his endorsement of their product². Freud shortly after became addicted to cocaine for over 12 years³. Freud not only used cocaine and performed experiments on himself, but he also prescribed cocaine for his patients and friends for all sorts of ailments, including morphine addiction². Freud wrote a paper in 1884 on his praise for cocaine and did not seem to be concerned with the negative side effects of hallucinations or death by overdose3,4,5. However, in the 1890s the side effects began to concern him slightly as he no longer endorsed all the medical benefits of cocaine use and he only used it occasionally after that point⁵.

Source:
(1) https://www.drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/cocaine/a-short-history.html
(2) https://www.vice.com/en/article/payngv/a-brief-history-of-freuds-love-affair-with-cocaine
(3) https://www.history.com/topics/crime/history-of-cocaine
(4) https://www.lunarecovery.com/a-short-take-on-the-long-history-of-cocaine/
(5) https://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-sigmund-freud

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We have made a lot of progress in many ways since the addiction outbreaks of the 1800s, however it is still an issue. I think the biggest progress made is the hope that those, who struggle with the disease of addiction, are able to get help in numerous ways which are quite accessible today. There is most definitely still a stigma around addiction and the only way to overcome this barrier is through more and more education surrounding the fact that addiction is a disease and these patients need our help just as any other patient with any other disease. One resource today to provide patients with hope is Project DAWN. DAWN stands for deaths avoided with naloxone and was founded by the Ohio Department of Health¹. Naloxone is a drug which works to overturn an overdose caused by opioids by acting as an antagonist and binding to opioid receptors². Project DAWN works through educating community members and handing out naloxone kits¹. The work Project DAWN does is important because sometimes people who suffer from addiction cannot realize that they are sick and need help, so by being able to reverse an overdose these patients can live to see another day when they might be ready to seek treatment for their disease.
Source:
(1) https://odh.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/odh/know-our-programs/violence-injury-prevention-program/projectdawn/
(2) https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/opioids/opioid-overdose-reversal-naloxone-narcan-evzio

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My Docent Selection with Slight Nepotism 

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My Docent Selection with Slight Nepotism 

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My docent for this exhibit is Angela Snider. I might be slightly biased seeing as she is my mother, but I believe she would be the perfect choice. She is a nurse practitioner at Fairfield Medical Center, which was the very first hospital in Ohio to offer Project DAWN trainings to the community1,2. My Mom has overseen the hospital's Project DAWN trainings from the very beginning and was on the team which brought Project DAWN to the hospital. She also has been the main presenter for the Project DAWN trainings in which she educates the public on the history of the opioid crisis as well as the importance of being prepared to overturn an overdose using a naloxone kit. She explains the neuroscience behind addiction and that it is a disease which needs to be treated without stigma but rather kindness. Her dedication and passion for helping those who suffer with addiction is inspiring to me and those which she has the opportunity to educate.
Source:
(1) https://www.fmchealth.org/services/emergencyandurgentcare/project-dawn/
(2) https://www.fmchealth.org/providers/angela-snider/