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Imagined "audience" vs actual one

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a philosophical movement and an art movement that arose from broad transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries

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Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Non-Violent Social Change Atlanta, GA

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Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Non-Violent Social Change Atlanta, GA

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J. Max Bond choose materials for the memorial with black brick makers and builders in mind. The choose of brick acknowledges black culture in the Atlanta area. Creating a sense of pride within the community and continuing Martin Luther King Jr's message of equity.

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Design language with an emphasis on form rather than ornament; structure and materials rather than picturesque constructions; and the rational and efficient use of space.

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Assemble, 2010

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A column will be made for each word in the glossary. Projects from the case study file are posted in the "projects" column, to the right. Copy and/or move case study projects into the glossary columns, and explain the connection in comments to each post.

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A column will be made for each word in the glossary. Projects from the case study file are posted in the "projects" column, to the right. Copy and/or move case study projects into the glossary columns, and explain the connection in comments to each post.

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Add every project that we looked at in the class to this column

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Add every project that we looked at in the class to this column

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Go to the "case studies" folder, and add those—and the others, not in the folder, that have come up in previous conversations

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"is an analytical framework for understanding how aspects of a person's social and political identities combine to create different modes of discrimination and privilege"

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Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Non-Violent Social Change Atlanta, GA

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Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Non-Violent Social Change Atlanta, GA

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J. Max Bond, 1980's

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-a social construct; fluid over time; a sum of ideologies and experiences, hard to define

-Societal delineation based on appearance/ physical characteristics, ancestry

-Grouping individuals based on physical appearance and characteristics

- calling race a social construct negates personal experiences

-cannot equate one racial experience with another

- white is not viewed the same as WHITE

- Intersection between culture, ethnic, religious aspects

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A mark that is placed on someone and stays with them their whole life and influences their experiences and fate

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a grouping of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into categories generally viewed as distinct by society

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Minoru Yamasaki, St. Louis, 19...
Attempt to combat housing crisis through modernistic development of affordable housing

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The Pruitt-Igoe Myth is a documentary film about the ways in which the American city changed in the 20th Century; and about the ways in which these changes have been misunderstood

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"The challenge, then, is to devise a narrative line which can take account of racial changeability—to construct a drama whose first-act Celts, Slavs, and Ugro-Finns can reemerge as Caucasians before the final curtain, without diminishing either the power and the significance of that transformation for their ultimate social standing or the very real distinctions that had held sway and had structured their experience along the way." 

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"The challenge, then, is to devise a narrative line which can take account of racial changeability—to construct a drama whose first-act Celts, Slavs, and Ugro-Finns can reemerge as Caucasians before the final curtain, without diminishing either the power and the significance of that transformation for their ultimate social standing or the very real distinctions that had held sway and had structured their experience along the way." 

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Matthew Frye Jacobson, "Epilogue." Whiteness of a different color: European immigrants and the alchemy of race. (Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1998), 275.

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One of the First African
American Female Architects

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the buying and renovation of houses and stores in deteriorated urban neighborhoods by upper- or middle-income families or individuals, raising property values but often displacing low-income families and small businesses

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- Group of individuals based on culture and customs that are influenced by location or native country
- Influenced by cultural modifiers such as geography, politics, religion, tradition, language, and beliefs

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Studio Gang, St. Louis, MO

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-depends on location

-visual assessment

-distinction between race and ethnicity

-has changed over time (Irish and Scottish people used to be discriminated against)

-comes with pre-determined (assumed) attributes

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Alison and Peter Smithson, 1972

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University of Virginia

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Initially referred to slavery. Now applies to attempts to dismantle practices or institutions, most commonly the carceral system which is implicitly identified as de facto slavery

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Post-Reconstruction-era laws that separated African American people from everyone else.
enforced racial segregation

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The carceral system refers to the legal and social systems by which people are convicted, imprisoned, and released for violating laws in the United States. Although often seen as a vital part of the justice system, the carceral system has also been criticized for subjecting Americans to inhumane living conditions and severely curtailing their rights post-incarceration, as well as targeting certain demographics over others.

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(Now Perkins + Will)

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Montgomery, Alabama

The National Memorial for Peace and Justice is a national memorial to commemorate the Black victims of lynching in the United States. 800 six foot monuments symbolize thousands of racial terror lynching victims in the US and the counties where these terrorisms took place. The names of the lynching victims are engraved on the columns.

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The Panopticon is a hypothetical prison design conceived by Jeremy Bentham in 1788, intended to put prisoners under (theoretically) constant surveillance, forcing them to alter their behaviors without direct interference from prison guards. Although no "true" Panopticon has been built and maintained for very long, it has been attempted many times and continues to influence modern prison design in the United States.

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Used now to refer to other kinds of structures of social bias too, for instance "digital Jim Crow"

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Distributing resources based on the needs of the recipients

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a process where privately owned properties within a designated renewal area are purchased or taken by eminent domain by a municipal redevelopment authority, razed and then re-conveyed to selected developers who devote them to other uses

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Following the Civil War, Brazil was the only country in the Western hemisphere that allowed private slavery, causing many former members of the Confederacy to immigrate to Brazil in order to continue holding slaves. Here, the “Confederados” founded the city of Americana, whose buildings were heavily influenced by Neoclassical architecture. Following the abolition of slavery in Brazil in 1888, many of these Americans moved back to the United States, although many of them stayed on and continued the legacy of the Confederacy. Today, this legacy is manifested in the Festa Confederada, whose members claim that the history of the Confederacy is one of brotherhood, not slavery.

However, the city of Americana is approximately 85% white, whereas Brazil is approximately 50% white nationally, raising questions of whether the legacy of white supremacy and segregationist policies still exist within the city. Brazil, historically, has had multiple issues with white supremacy; following the abolition of slavery, the Brazilian government attempted to persuade Italians to immigrate to their country in order to both solve the sudden labor shortage and “whiten” the Brazilian population. While those who organize the festival claim that it is about celebrating their Southern heritage, there remains an undercurrent of racial tension in the existence of Americana itself, which arguably makes both the city and the festival a white space.

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Old Chinatown was purchased and destroyed specifically for the purpose of building this stadium displacing around 1,000 residents and closing dozens of local businesses.

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A division based upon social or economic status

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Michael Anderson's Proposal
AIA, NOMA

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The mark of low caste is treated like a contagion

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A category of person one is born into that carries its liabilities for one's entire life

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Panoptic Guard Tower at Stateville Prison

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Panoptic Guard Tower at Stateville Prison

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Source: US Bureau of Prisons, 1949, p. 70

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Mary Holmes College Dormitories                          West Point, MS 

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Mary Holmes College Dormitories                          West Point, MS 

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Bond Ryder Associates, 1970

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The ability to share and understand the feelings of someone different than yourself

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Chicago, IL
The Marina City complex was constructed between 1961 and 1968 at a cost of $36 million, financed to a large extent by Building Service Employees International Union, a union of building janitors and elevator operators, who sought to reverse the pattern of white flight from the city's downtown area.

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Olalekan Jeyifous. The Frozen Neighborhoods. 2020

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Olalekan Jeyifous. The Frozen Neighborhoods. 2020

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Minoru Yamasaki, 1953–1956

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Reconstructions: Architecture and Blackness in America (MoMA Exhibition)

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Reconstructions: Architecture and Blackness in America (MoMA Exhibition)

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Hear how Black architects and artists are reimagining the spaces of ten American cities.

Ten Featured Projects:
(1) Yolande Daniels. Black City: The Los Angeles Edition. 2020
(2) Felecia Davis. Fabricating Networks: Transmissions and
Receptions from Pittsburgh’s Hill District, Flower Antenna. 2020
(3) Mario Gooden. The Refusal of Space. 2020
(4) Amanda Williams. We’re Not Down There, We’re Over Here. 2020
(5) Sekou Cooke. We Outchea: Hip-Hop Fabrications and Public Space. 2020
(6) Germane Barnes. A Spectrum of Blackness: The Search for Sedimentation in Miami. 2020
(7) Emanuel Admassu. Immeasurablity. 2020
(8) Walter Hood. Black Towers/Black Power. 2020
(9) Olalekan Jeyifous. The Frozen Neighborhoods. 2020
(10) V. Mitch McEwen. White supremacy in architecture

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Part of the MoMA exhibition called Reconstructions: Architecture and Blackness in America.
An abstraction representing the black experience in Atlanta. Features a depiction of the mid-Atlantic ridge, where many black lives were lost; ambient sounds of Atlanta; bricks to represent fragments of the city; and collages showing overlap between the forest and everyday spaces where blackness as an identity is negotiated, represented by signs for Waffle House.

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Laclede Town in St. Louis represents a blurring of social class. The development was comprised of 45% Black , 45% white, 5% artists & 5% international residents. Rent was income-adjusted, allowing for a universal degree of affordability. Children especially thrived, given both the architectural design strategies and the diversity of residents. Collapse of the community came with the collapse of social class diversity following the fall of Pruitt-Igoe.

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Understanding code as a mark, both inscribed & described by the conditions of the built environment.

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Understanding code as a mark, both inscribed & described by the conditions of the built environment.

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How may architectural design respond?

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Walter Hood 2020

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Amanda Williams. We're Not Down There, We're Over Here. 2020.

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Amanda Williams. We're Not Down There, We're Over Here. 2020.

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Part of the MoMA Exhibition Reconstructions, this piece by Amanda Williams represents and imagined vessel, made from items invented by African Americans, that transports the viewer to an imagined space.

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Saint Louis
Fairground Park pool was the largest in the world. It had a diameter of 440 feet, almost one and a half times the length of a football field, and hosted between 10,000 and 12,000 swimmers per day.

For 37 years the pool provided an escape from the summer heat, but only for white patrons. In 1949, St. Louis city officials decided to open the pool to the city’s black residents in response to a federal court’s holding that prohibiting blacks from using public golf courses was a violation of the 14th amendment

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Yolande Daniel. Black City: The Los Angeles Edition. 2020

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Yolande Daniel. Black City: The Los Angeles Edition. 2020

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This project is an atlas that explores Black settlement in Los Angeles, from its founding by the Spanish to American occupation. Its intention is to represent the rich history of African Americans fighting to realize good things for themselves, their family, and for others.

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Sekou Cooke. We Outchea: Hip-Hop Fabrications and Public Space. 2020

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Sekou Cooke. We Outchea: Hip-Hop Fabrications and Public Space. 2020

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In this work, Sekou Cooke appropriates a concrete stoop from Syracuse's 15th ward, a historically Black neighborhood. In doing so, Cooke sampling and remixing the history of the city through a Black perspective, reflecting on the history and destruction of Black communities in America and presenting a vision of what the future could look like for Black communities.

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Felecia Davis. Fabricating Networks: Transmissions and Receptions from Pittsburgh’s Hill District, Flower Antenna. 2020 

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Felecia Davis. Fabricating Networks: Transmissions and Receptions from Pittsburgh’s Hill District, Flower Antenna. 2020 

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The 1st is a transmission quilt that transmits tales about the Hill District in Pittsburgh, PA. The quilt is activated by contact and the modest speaker emits the stories about every single panel. This quilt is meant to be a seed to be produced in conjunction and in conversation with residents in the Hill District neighborhoods article the Covid-19 pandemic.

The second is a receiver or the Flower Antenna that is a receiver of invisible electromagnetic waves that outputs as sound the electromagnetic frequencies of people’s iPhones, and other equipment in MoMA’s gallery. This is a large-pitched tone. The pink copper cloth in one particular of the petals picks up the electromagnetic waves.

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To promote equity is to insist on equal capacity to partake of resources as the standard, rather than the equal access to resources that is associated with "equality"

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I believe that the pool and the riot are symbolic of larger social issues with respect to race in the mid-20th century. At the time, city officials sought to quell fears of the effects of racial integration though the actions of city residents suggest that the political rhetoric had little effect. In retrospect, it is clear that the Fairground Park Pool riot was a more significant occurrence than city officials were willing to admit. To ignore the riot is to ignore the history of race relations in St. Louis.  And to ignore the history is to ignore the legacy that shapes race relations in our city today.

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modern, but very high end, expensive apartments with good maintenance and rich clientele.

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One Hundred is a new residential tower overlooking Forest Park in St. Louis. The tower, Studio Gang's first project in the city, will rise to over 380 feet and include retail, amenities, parking, and residential apartments with views of the park to the west and the Gateway Arch to the east.

Four-story tiers are stacked over the height of the tower. The facade is angled to create generous outdoor spaces on top of each tier, providing terraces for a quarter of the apartments, as well as shared amenity space for the resident community atop the green roof podium.

Working to enhance the opportunities provided by the site orientation and environmental forces, the building's leaf-shaped plan and tiered massing maximize its performance, reducing overall energy load and increasing occupant comfort.

The building reflects the changing light and weather in Forest Park, providing a dynamic backdrop for foliage and snowfall alike.

The apartments are specifically designed to connect people to views of Forest Park and the Gateway Arch. Each apartment features its own corner living room with double exposures that, in addition to offering panoramic views, enhance the amount and quality of daylight within the units. The design's angled edges create this condition, which, together with tilted glazing, not only capture more daylight but also self-shade when necessary and provide the opportunity for natural cross ventilation.

The design of the building also provides for niche public and retail spaces at ground level adjacent to the park and defines a wider, more generous public streetscape, strengthening pedestrian connections between the Central West End district and Forest Park.

Consultant Team
Mac Development, residential Interiors

Magnusson Klemencic Associates, structural engineer

dbHMS, MEP engineer

Charles E. Jarrell Contracting Co, Design/Build mechanical engineer

Sachs Electric Company, Design/Build electrical engineer

DeLuca Plumbing, Design/Build electrical engineer

Stock & Associates Consulting Engineers, civil engineer

FIRE Solutions, Fire Protection

Arbolope Studio, landscape architect

Studio NYL, façade consultant

MorLights, lighting consultant

Counsilman-Hunsaker, pool consultant

WGI, parking consultant

Code Consultants, code consultant

Jenkins & Huntington, vertical transportation consultant

Core 10 Architecture, specifications consultant

Clayco, Construction Manager & General Contractor

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One Hundred is a new residential tower overlooking Forest Park in St. Louis. The tower, Studio Gang's first project in the city, will rise to over 380 feet and include retail, amenities, parking, and residential apartments with views of the park to the west and the Gateway Arch to the east.

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Manfred Hermer. 1975

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Manfred Hermer. 1975.

Ponte City was a luxury residential tower built in Johannesburg, South Africa during apartheid. At the time of construction, the building's management would not rent to non-white people. Shortly after construction, the surrounding neighborhood became a hotspot for crime, and the building became a "vertical slum".

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The code marker of being born and living on this street was a negative marker of who you are and what you are capable of. But with the redesign and implementation of a production/income source the neighborhood is seen in a positive light and the code marker for the residents is a positive one.

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Following the Civil War, Brazil was the only country in the Western hemisphere that allowed private slavery, causing many former members of the Confederacy to immigrate to Brazil in order to continue holding slaves. Here, the “Confederados” founded the city of Americana, whose buildings were heavily influenced by Neoclassical architecture. Following the abolition of slavery in Brazil in 1888, many of these American moved back to the United States, although many of them stayed on. Today, this history is manifested in the Festa Confederada, whose members claim that the legacy of the Confederacy is one of brotherhood, not slavery.

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Studio Gang, St. Louis, MO
modern, but very high end, expensive apartments with good maintenance and rich clientele.

Intersection of perception and representation. We perceive the building to be architecturally good, but, the building represents social disparities within the city.

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A New model for Urban Renewal?

Rather than a "Tabula Rasa" model seen in American Urban Renewal projects at the mid-century, Assemble's greenhouse project takes an existing building in ruin state and "renews" it with a new life as urban garden and social space.

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The Land Bank model employed in Assemble's Granby Four Corners project in Liverpool works as a tool against gentrifying forces.

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Chicago, IL
The Johnson Publishing Company was the headquarters of Ebony and Jet, two of the most successful African American magazines of the time period. It has been described as an “epicenter of Black history and culture” and “a beacon of hope” for African Americans in the city. The building was the first African-American owned building in Chicago's downtown area and remains the only Chicago high-rise to be designed by an African-American.

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The memorial is an empathetic response towards the University's racially charged history by acknowledging through a built space it's part in slavery and the impact it has had on the community since. This built spaces gives visitors and residents of the city at large to come together and sit in and reflect on the racial conflict the University has perpetrated for two centuries.

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Two neighborhoods both cleared to make room for Lambert Airport expansion.

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Anderson-Barker

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1962.

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one of the few areas of St. Louis where African-Americans could own property. The Ville had become the culture for Black St. Louis.

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The Ville Historic District

In the mid-1800's The Ville was a semi-rural suburb of St. Louis known as Elleardsville, which later became a part of the City of St. Louis. In the early 1900's, The Ville became one of the few areas of St. Louis where African-Americans could own property, and by the 1920's and 30's The Ville had become the cradle of culture for Black St. Louis. The Ville not only attracted major Black figures in a number of fields, but produced a disproportionate number of individuals who went on to achieve world-wide recognition.

Dr. Martin Luther King Dr. (originally Easton Ave.) served as the main commercial street in the neighborhood and a number of Black institutions were established in the neighborhood, many of which are still functioning today. Due to the long period of development in The Ville, a wide variety of architectural styles and building types can be found. The Ville was designated as a local historic district in 1987 and was expanded in 2006.

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In the mid-1800's The Ville was a semi-rural suburb of St. Louis known as Elleardsville, which later became a part of the City of St. Louis. In the early 1900's, The Ville became one of the few areas of St.

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Is Granby Four Streets, considered as a model that could be built elsewhere, "abolitionist"? 

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Is Granby Four Streets, considered as a model that could be built elsewhere, "abolitionist"? 

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Montgomery, Alabama

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Montgomery, Alabama

The National Memorial for Peace and Justice is a national memorial to commemorate the Black victims of lynching in the United States. 800 six foot monuments symbolize thousands of racial terror lynching victims in the US and the counties where these terrorisms took place. The names of the lynching victims are engraved on the columns.

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Montgomery, Alabama

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Olalekan Jayifous - The Frozen Neighborhoods 2020

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Olalekan Jayifous - The Frozen Neighborhoods 2020

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Intersection of the reality of current social conditions for Blacks in America and the perceived conditions that would promote culture and growth in neglected neighborhoods

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What is the opposite of "intersectional"?

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What is the opposite of "intersectional"?

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Sekou Cooke. We Outchea: Hip-Hop Fabrications and Public Space. 2020

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Sekou Cooke. We Outchea: Hip-Hop Fabrications and Public Space. 2020

# data[].attributes.body
In this work, Sekou Cooke appropriates a concrete stoop from Syracuse's 15th ward, a historically Black neighborhood. In doing so, Cooke sampling and remixing the history of the city through a Black perspective, reflecting on the history and destruction of Black communities in America and presenting a vision of what the future could look like for Black communities.

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Carrollton and Kinloch were two neighborhoods that were both demolished to accommodate a planned expansion of Lambert Airport. However, Carrollton was a historically white suburb whereas Kinloch was a historically poor and Black suburb of St. Louis. At first, Kinloch was a white neighborhood; however, as Black residents began moving into the area, white residents fled to the surrounding municipality of Berkeley, moving much of Kinloch’s tax base to outside of the suburb. As such, Kinloch began to suffer from, and could not afford basic services such as sewers and stop signs until the federal government intervened in the 1960s. , and the neighborhood lost 75% of its population in the following decade.

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A neighborhood in St. Louis that was on the list for urban renewal and demolition but was saved through private ownership that ultimately allowed for a historical neighborhood title that allowed for upper-middle class residents to dictate who and what was allowed in the neighborhood including residents, architectural features, restaurants, and Lafayette Park.

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Should we combine equity with gentrification?

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Should we combine equity with gentrification?

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What once stood as a monument to proud blackness, the Ebony-Jet HQ is now re-used as a luxury apartment building in Chicago's fashionable South Loop neighborhood which is now predominantly white and upper-income.

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How does the choice of brick acknowledge black culture in Atlanta?

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Should we include the AIA updated code of ethics? I could be interesting to address the ethical concerns that come with designing prisons, execution or torture spaces, or solitary confinement spaces. Also, it might be interesting to include a restorative justice center as a case study

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Should we include the AIA updated code of ethics? I could be interesting to address the ethical concerns that come with designing prisons, execution or torture spaces, or solitary confinement spaces. Also, it might be interesting to include a restorative justice center as a case study

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Skilled Black Brick Layers are being acknowledge, this brick style is found throughout the city of Atlanta which was also completed by African Americans Brick Layers.

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Is there a way to honor ethnic diversity in neighborhoods without segregation and gentrification?

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Is there a way to honor ethnic diversity in neighborhoods without segregation and gentrification?

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How can we ensure that efforts to renew urban areas are carried out in a way that uplifts communities rather than erases them?