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Life Cycle Analysis of Distributed Energy System Projects (China)

The use of Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) method to evaluate the energy consumption and GHG (Green House Gas) emission of Distributed Energy System projects in China.

It  analyzed the input required by different technologies and compared life cycle energy consumption and GHG emisión. By comparing the results of these cases and doing sensitivity analysis, the study was able to provide policy guidance.

The study compares 5 cases with different energy pathways to observe their energy consumption and emission performance.
It derived the life cycle energy consumption and GHG emisión through the following 3 steps:

Step 1: Convert the output to energy input.

Step 2: Use energy input to calculate life cycle energy consumption and GHG emission based on former literature.

Step 3: Calculate the energy saving and emission reduction rate.

It was designed 6 cases to better capture the potential development of Distributed Energy System projects:  All NG, Coal+Grid Electricity, All Coal,  Local Solar Maximum Utilization, Local Biomass Maximum Utilization, Outside Wind Electricity.

In conclusion:  When compared with traditional project, gas based Distributed Energy System project seems to use 7% more energy as input, but in a Life-Cycle view, it reduces energy consumption and GHG  emission significantly (8% and 38% respectively).
When boiler efficiency is set to be 60%, a more modest number, the performance of natural gas based projects like the base case is even more outstanding.

It shows renewable energy technology, especially the integrated use of biomass and wind power, has great potential in the development of Distributed Energy System projects.

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LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS( ISO 14040 and ISO 14044.)

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LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS( ISO 14040 and ISO 14044.)

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YESICA LORENA GOMEZ

In an LCA, the potential impact of each process and productive stage is evaluated by carrying out the following activities:

-       Compile an inventory of the most important inputs and outputs of a product's system

-       Evaluate the potential environmental impact associated with these inputs and outputs

-       Interpret the results of the inventory analysis and the stages evaluated in accordance with the objectives of the study.

These are some examples of Categories of Environmental Impacts associated with the Life Cycle of products and services:

-        Impacts on renewable resources

-       Impacts on non-renewable resources

-       Global warming potential (carbon footprint)

-       Potential for deterioration of the ozone layer

-       Acidification potential

-       Potential for photochemical creation of ozone

-       Use of energy

-       Use of water

-       Toxicity (human, terrestrial, aquatic)

OBJECTIVES OF LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS

-       Obtaining key and specific information associated with the production of goods.

-       Identification of the critical points in the productive processes.

-       Optimization of the system in the short term and reduction of the environmental impact.

-        Long-term strategic planning.

-       Enter differential market niches.

-       Offer consumers clear, relevant and usable information.

ADVANTAGES AND BENEFITS OF LIFE CYCLE ANALIS

-       Development and improvement of products.

-       Strategic planning: optimization of processes and reduction of risks associated with competitiveness with similar products.

-       Marketing and advertising: improves the image of the brand.

-       Access to international markets and compliance with current environmental regulations (Ley Grenelle 2) and future ones.

-       Positioning before the Retail Sector (TESCO, Metro Group, M & S, Wal-Mart, Pepsico, etc.).

-       Admission to differential market niches: possibility of expanding the market.

-       Selection of specific environmental performance indicators for each producT

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NTC ISO 14040. Environmental Management. Life cycle analysis. Principles and frame of reference.

The LCA life cycle analysis deals with the environmental aspects and potential environmental impacts (for example, the use of resources and the environmental consequences of emissions and discharges) throughout the life cycle of a product since the acquisition of the raw material, going through the production, use, final treatment, recycling until its final disposal, that is, from the cradle to the grave.

There are four phases in an LCA study: the definition phase of the object and the scope, the inventory analysis phase, the environmental impact assessment phase and the interpretation phase.

The LCA systematically evaluates the environmental aspects and impacts of the product systems, from the acquisition of the raw material to the final disposal, in accordance with the established objective and scope. The relative nature of an LCA is due to the characteristics of the functional unit within the methodology, the level of detail and duration can vary considerably, depending on the object and scope. The methodology is open to the inclusion of new scientific findings and improvements in the state of the art.
NTC ISO 14044. Environmental Management. Analysis of the Life Cycle. Requirements and Guidelines. Life Cycle Requirements

This standard describes the requirements and guidelines for the analysis of the life cycle (LCA) of a product, including: the definition of the objective and scope of the LCA, the analysis phase of the life cycle inventory (LCI), the phase of the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (EICV), the life cycle interpretation phase, the report and the critical life cycle review, the limitations of the LCA, the relationship between the LCA phase and the conditions of use of value and optional elements.

This standard includes the LCA life cycle analysis studies and the LCI life cycle inventory analysis studies.

One of the main purposes of a functional unit is to provide a reference from which the input and output data are normalized (in a mathematical sense). Therefore, the functional unit must be clearly defined and must be measurable.

The limits of the system determine which unit processes must be included within the LCA, be consistent with the object of study, and must identify and explain the criteria used to establish the limits of the system.

The energy inputs and outputs must be treated like any other input and output of an ACV. In LCA practice, several cut-off criteria are used to decide which inputs are included in the evaluation, such as: mass, energy, and environmental importance.

Entries may include, but not be limited to, the use of mineral resources. As part of the air emissions, the emissions of CO, CO2, SO2, NO2, etc. can be separately identified.

Air emissions and discharges to water and soil, often come from point or diffuse sources after having passed through pollution control devices, this data should include fugitive emissions, parameters may include: BOD, COD, AOX, content of halogens and VOCs.
Life Cycle Analysis of Distributed Energy System Projects’ Energy Consumption and GHG Emission – A Case of Beer Brewery Auxiliary Power Supply in China

Recent researches are tailored to projects set in China. Projects in China are unique and interesting because policy-makers are trying hard to promote Distributed Energy System projects, making the policy environment of projects dynamic and fast-changing, and enabling researchers to compare different scenarios with ample evidence. Gas based projects are researched in a full spectrum of aspects including economic value, environmental value and other value. Ding Xiaochuan analyzes the economic feasibility of natural gas based distributed energy system projects, simulating the prices of oil and gas as well as the operating scenarios. The research makes several interesting assumptions to derive the break- even point: the selling prices of heat and cooling are at their fuel costs; the prices of gas and electricity are independent; the efficiency of Absorption type lithium bromide refrigerator and boilers is on average. Wang Yanling research the comprehensive value of Gas-based Distributed Energy System projects, with detailed calculation methods of economic value, user value, system value and environmental value. Researchers use machine configuration to simulate and compare the environmental performance. To examine the environmental performance of real projects, Wang Weilin makes a case study, comparing the emission of the project and that in an alternative case where heat, cooling and electricity are provided individually. Renewable energy base projects are analyzed in a different way. Since fuel costs and emissions are considerably small in renewable technology, energy consumption and emission during life-cycle processes like machine production should not be neglected. Thus, Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA) method is frequently used to analyze renewable energy-based projects, and the results provide solid foundation for further research in this field.

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Natalia Hernandez

The technical norm NTC-ISO 14040 shows the principles and guidelines of the analysis of the life cycle of a product from extraction to its final disposal, with the objective of identifying environmental impacts throughout its process, this analysis may have different objectives and purposes that must be chosen in the scope of this measurement.
It allows finding opportunities to improve the performance of a product or service during its life cycle.
The ISO 14044 standard is used to evaluate the life cycle of products, generating the principles and guidelines for carrying out the assessment, which include:
• The definition of the objective.
• Scope of the life cycle.
• Inventory of the life cycle.
• It is interpreted.
• Critical examination.
• Limitations in the cycle.
Definitely highlights its usefulness in the decision making and revaluation of processes seeking efficiency and cleaner production, we know that the industries should base their transitions of environmentally friendly companies with innovative changes where the saving of raw materials and reduction of waste not only generate less environmental impact but also decrease investment costs this thanks to LCA comparisons.
Power consumption, beer case Brewery auxiliary power supply in China

This document analyzes the life cycle (LCA) to evaluate the life cycle of greenhouse gases, using natural gas consumption as emission sources, comparing them with emissions produced by companies that use coal and electric sources, as sources of production. Giving lights for its implementation in another scale.
The Distributed Energy System can satisfy the diverse needs of the user (heat, cooling and electricity).

The life cycle analysis is a fundamental tool for evaluation methods, for distributed energy systems and the traditional traditional energy system, which provides information on sensitivity factors such as (Relationship between heat and energy), depending on the demand and the location of the users.

The investigations carried out in China are very interesting since through Life cycle Analist (LCD) it is possible to carry out simulations to the investigators of possible scenarios raised with the use of natural gas, taking into account aspects such as economic viability, environmental value, viability of the project, this type of methodologies are used for projects where renewable energy is used.

The project and case study for distributed energy supply through natural gas is developed for the brewery plant in Sichuan China. For the co-development of this project it is necessary to use case studies of academic literature, research topics on specific configuration of the project, the technology to be used, they are very useful because they give a more realistic view on the application of this type of projects.

Giving a clearer vision of environmental and energy assumptions and impacts applied in China. For example, the project The Distributed Energy System Project of Snow Breweries distributed in the province of Sichuan, China, which is the 3458 Liu Hansi et al. / Energy Proceed 105 (2017) 3456 - 3463
First project of the Distributed Energy System.

The research framework is based on the life cycle analysis (LCA), where it is estimated as output (electricity and heat) and as input (energy consumption and GHG greenhouse gas emissions. case studies based on political legislation.

The research method, calculation methods are presented, 3 cases of related case studies are introduced, 4 data and assumptions are presented to simulate the results, 5 conclusion of energy distribution system conclusions, including sensitivity analysis and political implications.

Research method

The life cycle (LCA) and the emission of greenhouse gases are analyzed, in the energy distribution system with the output (electricity, heat and cooling), the energy consumption of the fuel is calculated. Efficiency factors and energy consumption of the life cycle and greenhouse emissions.

The project is compared with case studies of the use of other energy technologies such as traditional coal projects, electricity purchased in the grid and energy generated in private power stations, and also comparing them with project energies using renewable energy. Wind and solar energy where they are relatively easy to obtain but very scarce.

Conclusions and political implications The project we are investigating has an outstanding performance in energy saving and emission reduction