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I chose this image because it is a visual and physical representation of a writer who defeated difficult odds. Phillis Wheatley is a female, African-American poet in the 1770's who was sold into slavery at a young age. This image portrays what Wheatley was able to accomplish despite her background and social status. Which the top of this image, I believe, represents by stating "Phillis Wheatley, Negro Servant to Mr. John Wheatley of Boston." Wheatley is also writing in this image which is uncommon for females and African-American slaves to become educated within this time period in writing and reading.

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This article discusses the affects and opinions the novel, "Hope Leslie," and the author Sedgwick had using the characters voices. The article uses "...a historical perspective to illustrate contemporary conflicts and issues that arose with the establishment of the United States of America as an independent nation, and Jacksonian American debates over the presence of women in the public realm." Magawisca and Hope represent historical and modern day voices for society by contributing to woman leadership roles and voices.

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This article discusses the influence Puritanism has on American culture based on moral beliefs and liberty/freedom. America is founded on moral rights and liberty i.e. freedom speech, freedom of religion, etc. So Puritan's believe they influenced American culture based off their religious beliefs and because they were one of the first religions in America.

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The ideas put forth by the Puritans are not simply an important starting point for American culture because they were the first in the country, but because they offered ways of thinking that are still ingrained in our culture today. Although many of the thoughts of Puritans have gradually dissipated or become less meaningful over time, it is important to note that Puritan writers and thinkers such as John Winthrop and Roger Williams offered ideas that were new at the time that stayed with the American consciousness-culturally, socially, and politically.

Notions of freedom, liberty, and the role of religion within the state have long since been at the forefront of national debates. When the Puritans considered such ideas, their thoughts and writings on the matter were never quite forgotten, only shifted and modified to suit the taste of contemporary concerns. In "The Journal of John Winthrop" and Williams' treatise, "The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience" many ideas that are still present in modern American life and culture are brought forward and explored. By examining these writings, it becomes more possible to trace the philosophical development of America from the colonial to the modern period.

The idea of government and the meaning of liberty have been questions plaguing Americans since the time John Winthrop wrote in his journal in 1648. In many ways, the issues he addresses, most notably in the section of his journal containing his speech to the General Court, are the same that are alive in contemporary debates about the role of the government and what moral liberty means. In the beginning of his speech he states, "The great questions that have troubled the country are about the authority of the magistrates and the liberty of the people" and the modern reader cannot help but think about how such a statement resonates today. This shows that the Puritans paved the way for constantly questioning the political and moral foundations from the very beginning.

In addition to this more general notion about Puritan culture in early America, Winthrop brings forth the question of what true liberty means. While it differs from more contemporary notions, he does provide a valid starting point for American culture's obsession with an ever-broadening and changing definition of liberty and freedom. For instance, Winthrop writes that there are two types of liberty; natural and civil. In terms of nature Winthrop writes in one of the important quotes from The Journal of John Winthrop, "man, as he stands in relation to man simply hath the liberty to what he lists; it is a liberty to evil as well as to good." By making this claim he is building the foundations for later American ideas such as what freedom is and to what extent personal liberty should be allowed, particularly if the possibility of evil exists. Aside from this early allusion to more modern debates in America, Winthrop also puts forth the related idea about how liberty is something that is God-given.

John Winthrop says that "This liberty is maintained and exercised in a way of subjection to authority; it is of the same kind of liberty wherewith Christ has made us free." In other words, Winthrop views the liberty of the Puritans as something that is loving and nurturing, but also something that has the potential to be abused. Winthrop was quite ahead of his time in many aspects, especially in terms of how he thought critically about the meaning of liberty and the individual's right to act according to moral (or immoral) principles. These ideas were a crucial starting point for American culture because they set forth the questions about the personal sense of free will and liberty; both in terms of the state and the self.

A more specific contribution to later American culture was put forth by Roger Williams who, although steeped in some Puritan ideals, was something of an outcast among his peers because of his somewhat radical religious and political views. In his piece entitled, "The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience" he discusses the very modern issue of the separation between the church and the state. His comments in this piece are remarkable because they offer an early argument on the topic thus building the groundwork for later American cultural notions of the separation of religious and civil matters. They are also revolutionary in terms of their later effects because although he makes an argument for the separation, it does not seem to be the same one put forth by the eventual creators of the Constitution. For instance, he states, "an enforced uniformity if religion throughout a nation or civil state confounds the civil and religious, denies the principles of Christianity and civility, and [denies] that Jesus Christ is come in the flesh." In essence, what he is suggesting is not the modern rationale for the separation, but that the two should be kept apart because one is too sacred (the church) to be mixed up with the other. This was an important thought for later American ideas and culture, even if the separation eventually was for the reason of keeping power balanced and without interference. Despite the ways these ideas might have changed from Williams' initial assertions, it is worth noting that he laid the groundwork for such a debate-even if it caused him to become a pariah in the Puritan community. In addition to this progressive idea from the Puritan period, Williams also makes another forward-thinking point when he says in one of the important quotes from "The Bloody Tenet of Persection" that "God requireth not an uniformity of religion to be enacted and enforced in any civil state." Such a statement is very similar to the eventual American creed of allowing the free practice of any religion without state interference. By using the intentions of God in his statement, Williams is saying that there is no one religion that should be mandated. Out of the many ideas put forth that would later go on to influence all aspects of the development of American culture and politics, this is perhaps the most important and still one of the most resonant.

Other essays and articles in the Literature Archives related to this topic include : Puritan Ideology in "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" and "A Model of Christian Charity" * The Influence of the Enlightenment on The Formation of the United States * Full Summary and Analysis of "The Minister's Black Veil" by Nathaniel Hawthorne * Full Plot Summary and Analysis of "The Birthmark" by Nathaniel Hawthorne * The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne : The Effects of Sin on the Mind, Body, and Soul * Analysis and Plot Summary of "Young Goodman Brown" by Nathnaiel Hawthorne

Williams, Roger. "The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience" 1643

Winthrop, John. "The Journal of John Winthrop." 1648.

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Puritan Influences on Modern American Culture and Thought

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The ideas put forth by the Puritans are not simply an important starting point for American culture because they were the first in the country, but because they offered ways of thinking that are still ingrained in our culture today.

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In Washington Irving's Excerpt, "The Legend of Sleepy Hallow" describes a more popular myth about the headless horseman. This myth has been told and brought up all these years through a humorous context such as Halloween. Also, the headless horseman is a portrayal of the super-natural and is discussed even today. This image provides a visual context/representation of a book about the myth on the headless horseman and is sold in stores.

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the headless horseman washington irving modern day - Bing images

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The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Disney Headless Horseman The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Book The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 1949 Play the Legend of Sleepy Hollow Rip Van Winkle The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Headless Horseman Ichabod Crane The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Ichabod Crane The Legend of Sleepy Hollow

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In class we discussed "The Female Marine" and the character that she put on. In my British literature class, we recently discussed the female pirates, Mary Read and Anne Bonny, who dressed up as men in order to be a pirate and happen to both become pregnant on board. This reminded me of Lucy except she escaped the life of a woman after getting pregnant by dressing up as a male in order to be a sailor.

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Anne Bonny and Mary Read Lovers Mary Read Pirate Pirates Anne Bonny and Mary Read Anne Bonny and Mary Read Statue AC4 Anne Bonny and Mary Read Anne Bonny and Mary Read Trial Anne Bonny and Mary Read Flag Calico Jack Anne Bonney Anne Bonny and Mary Read Were Together

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“Cities make ferocious men because they make corrupt men. The mountains, the sea, the forest, make savage men; they develop the fierce side, but often without destroying the humane side.”
―  Victor Hugo, Les Misérables

In class we brought up the topic of the difference of uncivilized savages and noble savages or if their is even a difference at all. I picked this quote because Hugo creates a visual about the world on how the world corrupts people or creates savages/noble savages. I interpreted this as their are different kinds of corrupt and savage people. But what makes one noble are those who understand the world by its creation and are humane.

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Edgar Huntly and other related Gothic Themes

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Edgar Huntly and other related Gothic Themes

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This article, discusses the gothic relation between the three novels by Brown called "Wieland; or The Transformation," "Arthur Mervyn; or Memoirs of the Year 1793,"  Edgar Huntly; or Memoirs of a Sleep-Walker." Each novel discusses how gothic horror is incorporated within each novel. Although, while reading the summaries of each novel, I found a relation between each novel based on the psychological battle of each main character. Each character battled the feeling of guilt and not being in control of ones self.

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An elderly mystic dies of spontaneous combustion in a secret temple. A young man is haunted by voices instructing him to slaughter his wife and children. A morose immigrant is suspected of a brutal murder. A sleepwalker undergoes a series of violent adventures in the wilderness. An innocent youth is caught up in the machinations of a vicious professional criminal. A fatal epidemic sweeps through an American city.

These haunted, dreamlike scenes define the fictional world of Charles Brockden Brown, America's first professional novelist. Published in the final years of the eighteenth century, Brown's startlingly prophetic novels are a virtual résumé of themes that would constantly recur in American literature: madness and murder, suicide and religious obsession, the seduction of innocence and the dangers of wilderness and settlement alike.

Written in a nervous and effusive style in which rational discourse and hysterical rant contend for control, often narrated by characters on the brink of emotional breakdown, these are works that open onto dark recesses and turbulent conflict in the young American nation.

In Three Gothic Novels, The Library of America collects the most significant of Brown's works. Wieland; or The Transformation (1798), his novel of a religious fanatic preyed upon by a sinister ventriloquist, is often considered his masterpiece. A relentlessly dark exploration of guilt, deception, and compulsion, it creates a sustained mood of irrational terror in the midst of the Pennsylvania countryside.

In Arthur Mervyn; or Memoirs of the Year 1793 (1799), Brown draws on his own experience to create indelible scenes of Philadelphia devastated by a yellow fever epidemic, while telling the story of a young man caught in the snares of a professional swindler.

Edgar Huntly; or Memoirs of a Sleep-Walker (1799) fuses traditional Gothic themes with motifs drawn from the American wilderness, in a series of eerily unreal adventures that test the limits of the protagonist's self-knowledge.

All three novels reveal Brown as the pioneer of a major vein of American writing, a novelist whose literary heirs include Poe, Hawthorne, Faulkner, and the whole tradition of horror and noir from Cornell Woolrich to Stephen King.

This volume also includes a newly researched chronology of Brown's life, explanatory notes, and an essay on the texts.

Sydney J. Krause, volume editor, is professor emeritus of English at Kent State University, and general editor of the Kent State University Bicentennial Edition of the multi-volume Novels and Related Works of Charles Brockden Brown.

This Library of America series edition is printed on acid-free paper and features Smyth-sewn binding, a full cloth cover, and a ribbon marker.

This volume is available for adoption in the Guardian of American Letters Fund.

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Charles Brockden Brown: Three Gothic Novels - Library of America

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An elderly mystic dies of spontaneous combustion in a secret temple. A young man is haunted by voices instructing him to slaughter his wife and children. A morose immigrant is suspected of a brutal murder. A sleepwalker undergoes a series of violent adventures in the wilderness.