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Animals: Structures and Functions Unit

Respiratory

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I found the labs quite confusing but once I understood what I was supposed to do, I found it quite easy (and hopefully did it right).
3 Things I learned- The anatomy of a pig, how to tell a make pig from a female pig, and the differences between a bean seed and popcorn kernel (monocot vs dicot).
2 Things I'm Wondering- Will we get to do more dissections and if so what would we be dissecting?
1 Thing I would Change- Wish I had started my work earlier today, I wanted to go to bed early. Whoops, haha.

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Last one

Bean seed - soaked overnight

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Padlet won't let me put more than one photo so here is the other photo.

Corn seed (popcorn kernel)

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1. The seeds were soaked overnight so that the seed coat would soften and be easier to remove for dissection.
2.
-The cotyledon often becomes the first leaves.
-FT protein is the macromolecule found in cotyledon's and it induces flowering.
-A color change of an indicator (simple chemical tests) is a sign macromolecules are present.
3. The seed grows a little plants called a seedling that provides it with food until it can use photosynthesis.
4.
-The plumule matures into a shoot bearing the first leaves of the plant. The embryo becomes a seedling.
-The epicotyl becomes the upper stem.
-The hypocotyls become the stem
- The radical becomes the roots
- The cotyledom becomes a food supply (until the plant can use photosynthesis)

Dry Seed Photo

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Today felt a lot more relaxed than yesterday so either I'm doing something wrong or today was more relaxed.
3 Things I learned- I learned a significant amount about rigor mortis, livor mortis, and algor mortis. I learned how to make science applicable in a real life court case/law suit. Finally, I learned about spiracles.
2 Things I'm Wondering- What the final product of our case study project will look like and how certain elements of our units will be able to have ties to Fiji
1 Thing I Would Change- If I could change one thing, I would've taken a break today - my back aches.

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Wow today was busy! I learned and relearned so much. I say relearned because I'm one of those people who don't retain information well and I likely already knew some of the "new" things I learned.
3 Things I learned- A more in depth look at bacteria, to read information closely, and the effects of autosome chromosome defects vs sex chromosome defects.
2 Things I'm Wondering- What group like will be like online and how bad our tech issues will be in Fiji if they're this bad in Ontario. (Bad joke? Sorry)
1 Thing I would Change- My mess up on the blood test, whoops.

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Diversity of Life - Eubacteria                                         Sydney Doussept

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Diversity of Life - Eubacteria                                         Sydney Doussept

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Bacteria- a girls best friend. Well, actually yes. Most bacteria is beneficial for the body and that includes eubacteria.

- Prokaryote
- single-celled
- DNA is a single chromosome
- Binary fission is how they reproduce (asexually)
- The cell shapes for bacteria are: coccus, bacillus, and spirillum
- Heterotrophs (Diversity of Living Things, Slide 4 - The Prokaryotes)
- Immotile or have a flagella that allows it to be motile (Huber, 2004)
- Habitat in a variety of places, Thermus are known to reside in the bottom of of large bodies of water. (Huber, 2004)
- Though structurally similar, not closely related to Archaebacteria. (Eubacteria, 2019)

Thermus are not specifically native to species, they are found almost anywhere in the world. However, they are more specifically found deep in large bodies of water. Coincidentally Fiji is surrounded by the ocean. So though Thermus don't reside anywhere more specifically than the ocean, they are found in Fiji.
Kingdom: Eubacteria
Domain: Bacterian
Phylum: Deinococuss- Thermus
Class: Deinococci
Order: Thermales
Family: Thermaceae
Genus: Thermus
Species: Aquaticus
(Encyclopedia, 2016)

Sources
1. "Eubacteria." (2019). Eubacteria. Retrieved from https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/diseases-and-conditions/pathology/eubacteria

2. Diversity of Living Things, Slide 4 - Prokaryotes

3. Thermus. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Thermus

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Diversity of Life - Archaebacteria                              Sydney Doussept

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Diversity of Life - Archaebacteria                              Sydney Doussept

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Archaebacteria are a major source of methane in ecosystems and as such play a vital role in the maintenance and survival of the ecosystem.

- Prokaryote
- single-celled
- DNA is a single chromosome
- Binary fission is how they reproduce (asexually)
- The cell shapes for bacteria are: coccus, bacillus, and spirillum
- Heterotrophs (Diversity of Living Things, Slide 4 - The Prokaryotes) Same as Eubacteria
- Can survive in extreme conditions (Biology Dictionary, 2019)
- They have unique cell membrane chemistry (Biology Dictionary, 2019)
- Ribosomal RNA contrast Eubacteria (Archaebacteria, 2019)

Nanoarchaeum equitans is like Thermus a marine bacteria. It was discovered in 2002 (more recently than other bacteria's). Like Thermus, it is not specific to one location - its general location is deep in large bodies of water. Therefore, like Thermus bacteria it is not inherently native to Fiji since its habitat is so broad, however, it can be found in some regions of Fiji.
Kingdom: Archaebacteria
Domain: Archaea
Phylum: Nanoarchaeota
Class: N/A
Order: Nanoarchaeles
Family: Nanoarchaeaceae
Genus: Nanoarchaeum
Species: Equitans
(Junglas B, 2019)

Sources
1. "Archaebacteria." (2019). Archaebacteria. Retrieved from https://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and-animals/microbes-algae-and-fungi/moneran-and-protistan/archaebacteria

2. Archaebacteria - Definition, Types, Characteristics and Examples. (2019, March 26). Retrieved from https://biologydictionary.net/archaebacteria/

3. Diversity of Living Things, Slide 4 - The Prokaryotes

4. Jahn, U., Gallenberger, M., Paper, W., Junglas, B., Eisenreich, W., Stetter, K. O., . . . Huber, H. (2008, March 01). Nanoarchaeum equitans and Ignicoccus hospitalis: New Insights into a Unique, Intimate Association of Two Archaea. Retrieved from https://jb.asm.org/content/190/5/1743

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Diversity of Life - Protist Sydney Doussept

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Diversity of Life - Protist Sydney Doussept

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Protist, an often overlooked Eukaryota. However Protist are necessary for an ecosystems survival and are exceptionally fascinating

- Can be uni-cellular or multi-cellular
- Can be colonial or free living
- Habitat can be anywhere from the bottom of the ocean to the atmosphere
- Typically classed in plant-like, animal-like, or fungus-like groups (Diversity of Living Things, Slide 5 - Protists)
- Types include: Algae, protozoa, and slime moulds.
- Most protist reproduce asexually (LiveScience, 2019)
- Eukaryotes evovled from prokaryotes through in folding or serial endosymbiosis. (Diversity of Living Things, Slide 5 - Protists)
- Protista means: "The first of all or primordial". (LifeScience, 2019)

Marimo is not a protist native to Fiji, however it has become an internet/YouTube sensation. This popular protist now belongs to millions across North America as parts of their gardens. YouTube videos on how to care for the Protist as increasingly popular in social media.
Kingdom: Protist
Phylum: Chlorophyta
Class: Ulvophyceae
Order: Cladophorales
Family: Pithophoraceae
Genus: Aegagropila
Species: Linnaei
(Purch 2019)

Sources
1. Diversity of Living Things, Slide 5 - Protists

2. Hello, Marimo. (2019, February 08). Retrieved from https://gardentherapy.ca/marimo-moss-balls/

3. Vidyasagar, A. (2016, March 30). What Are Protists? Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/54242-protists.html

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Diversity of Life - Fungi  Sydney Doussept

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Diversity of Life - Fungi  Sydney Doussept

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The fungi of Fiji is quite vast and intriguing. I had to do a surprising amount of research to find these fungi though because of all the websites named "Mushrooms in Fiji" that were talking about a more fun kind of mushroom. Now on a  more serious note, Fungi is critical to an ecosystem due to their ability to recycle nutrients.

- Fungi are heterotrophic eukaryotes
- Their cell walls are made of chitin
- Fungi are multi-cellular
- Structural Units: hyphae, mycelia, and fruiting body. (Diversity of Living Things, slide 6 - FUNGI)
- Fungi are more closely rekated to animals than plants due to them both bwelonging to the opisthokonta taxonomic supergroup. (Oxford, 2019)
- There are over 70,000 species of Fungi (Oxford, 2019)

The auricularia is a species of mushroom native to Fijian islands.
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Auriculariales
Family: Auriculariaceae
Genus: Auriculsria
Species: Aricula-Judae
(Kuo M, 2018)

Sources
1. 10 facts about fungi. (2017, August 03). Retrieved from https://blog.oup.com/2017/08/10-facts-fungi/

2. Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) Wettst. - Jelly Ear Fungus. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/auricularia-auricula-judae.php

3. Diversity of Living Things, Slide 6 - FUNGI

4. MushroomExpert.Com. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.mushroomexpert.com/auricularia_americana.html

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Diversity of Life - Animalia Sydney Doussept

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Diversity of Life - Animalia Sydney Doussept

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Animalia is the kingdom that houses all species of animals. Everything from small bunnies to tall giraffes - and unfortunately also the apex predator, the Tiger shark.

- Animals are eukaryotic.
- They lack cell walls though they are multi-cellular.
- All animals are motile at some point in their lives and they reproduce sexually. (Diversity of Living Thing, Slide 8 - ANIMALS)
- The subphylum of Animalia kingdom is porifera, coelenterata, platyhelminthes, nematoda, annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata, protochordata, and vertebrata. (Admin 2019)
- System → Organs → Tissues → Cells.  (Diversity of Living Things, Slide 8 - ANIMALS)

The Tiger Shark is an apex predator and arguably the second most dangerous shark. Unfortunately for us, it does happen to reside in Fiji. So much for relaxing at the beach.
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Order: Carcharhiniformes
Family: Carcharhinidae
Genus: Galeocerdo
Species: Cuvier
(Animals, A September 10, 2018)

Sources
1. Admin. (2019, April 04). Animal Kingdom Classification - Kingdom Animalia and Subphylum. Retrieved from https://byjus.com/biology/animal-kingdom-animalia-subphylum/

2. Animals, A. (2018, September 10). Tiger Shark. Retrieved from https://a-z-animals.com/animals/tiger-shark/

3. Diversity of Living Things, slide 8 - ANIMALS

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Diversity of Life - Plantae Sydney Doussept

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Diversity of Life - Plantae Sydney Doussept

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Plantae, along with animalia are some of the kingdoms we see everyday around us. Plantae makes up portions of the food we eat, many people keep gardens, and plantae is crucial to survival in a variety ways - such as being the base of most food chains.

- Plants are multi-cellular, most are also autotrophs (Diversity of Living Things)
- Flower plants make up the majority of the kingdom at over 260,000 known species.
- Then green algae at 33,500 species.
- Mosses and relatives of moss follows at 18,500 species.
- And seed plants make up the smallest fraction of the kingdom at 800 species. (Diversity of Living Things)
- Plants use photosynthesis to create their own food. (Diversity of Living Things)
- The sub groups of the kingdom are: Thallophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms. (Admin, 2019)

- Which sub category a plant falls into is based on 3 criteria, the plant body, the vascular system, and whether or not the plants bears flowers/seeds. (Admin, 2019)

The flower below is the Frangipani Flower or better known as the Hawaiian Lei Flower- it is native to Fiji.
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynacaea
Genus: Plumeria
Species: Rubra
(The Flower Expert, July 22 2019)

Sources
1. Admin. (2019, April 04). Plant Kingdom - Classification and Characteristics of Plants. Retrieved from https://byjus.com/biology/plant-kingdom-plantae/

2. Diversity of Living Things - Slide 7, PLANTS

3. Frangipani Flower: The Flower Expert - Flowers Encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.theflowerexpert.com/content/aboutflowers/tropicalflowers/frangipani

4. Unit 5: Plants - Anatomy, Growth, and Functions

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In this lab we took strawberries and water a crushed them up so that the substance was mostly liquid. Once it was liquified we separated the liquid from the solid remains and poured the liquid into a cup. We then added rubbing alcohol and let the liquid sit for a few minutes. Progressively strands of what I assume is DNA appeared at the top of the container. Image attached below.