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Apparent absence of reference to a standard form of English and it’s supposed laissez faire perception was attacked by prescriptivists such as Quirk and Kachru
Opposed the need for communication which can be left to the individual needs of the speakers
Drew on arguments about the conflicting role of standard form and how closely it should be followed
Proposed the question is there such a thing as a ‘global standard English’ that can be referred to by all English speakers wherever they are in the world and whatever they are doing? And if not, should there be one?

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Crystal's own view is that the momentum of English's growth has become "so great that there is nothing likely to stop its continued spread as a global lingua franca".

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English of the future will probably look and sound like some stripped down forms of English that are already around

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English may follow the path not of Latin but of Arabic, a language that was spread with Islam over 500 years and evolved into multiple local dialects, the speakers of which all feel united by the literacy Arabic of the Koran

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English as a language Franca has been overtook by American English due to the modern nature of American English, American English carries relevance and the newest pop culture ideologies within society’s making it exciting and fresh whereas English English is outdated and seen as more of a relevance within the older generations 

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English as a language Franca has been overtook by American English due to the modern nature of American English, American English carries relevance and the newest pop culture ideologies within society’s making it exciting and fresh whereas English English is outdated and seen as more of a relevance within the older generations 

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Views on the spread of English around the world

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Views on the spread of English around the world

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David Crystal - English’s growth has become “so great that there is nothing likely to stop it’s spread as a global lingua franca”.

Nicholas Ostler - Argues that as British and American power declines around the world, so will the prevalence of English.
Technology will intervene to allow easy translation between languages.

Mario Saraceni - English has not ‘spread’, there is no centre of the English language. Rejects the ‘inner circle’ idea, countries should be able to decide whatever they want for their English.

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Linguistic structure of English as a lingua franca:
Typical for non native English speakers to use
- non use of the 3rd person present tense
- interchangeable use of the relative pronouns who and which
- omission of the definite and indefinite articles
- use of an all-purpose question tag
- increasing of redundancy by adding preposition
- reliance on certain verbs of high semantic generality
-pluralisation if nouns
- use of ‘that’ clauses instead of infinitive constructions

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MLE/MUBE can be seen as ethnically neutral in the sense that it is available to be used by everybody — outsiders/older people see this as ‘sounding black’ because of their associations with certain ethonlects, though many young people now simply see it as a part of ‘teenage’ english.

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Recorded Queens English over a 50 year time period concluding that her speech has moved towards a more general southern British English variety. As it started to be used informally along with pronunciation it caused that change.

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1600- 5-7mil spoke English
Now-  1.5-2bn speakers
Language of business
Language of invasion

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English will go the same way as other powerful langhages in history . As american and british power declines around the world English will lose its pre element role

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MLE/MUBE are a ‘repertoire of features’ that are selectively used by individuals.

These features are national -- each city has its own regional accent and people can use the repertoire of MUBE to add on to that.

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Challenges the idea that english has spread from england to the wider world and instead prefers to describe it as a relocation of English
'The psychological umbilical chord' between england and englosh aroind the world is cut and people wherever they are can do waht they want with the language

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Relocation of English - cut tie between England and English. “Psychological umbilical cord”

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Suggests that even though English is in the centre of Kachuru’s ‘Circle of English Model’ all the other English's possess equal status

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As technology evolves english will lose power around the world through the creation of translation methods.

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Momentum of English has grown so great it is likely nothing will stop it from becoming the global lingua Franca.

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shows how post colonial varieties of english has evolved.
model concentrated on language users experience and the process by which varieties become established in an area.

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Lecture at Cambridge University Press (2012):

“Standard English is a minority dialect, always has been”

“Perhaps only 5% at most of the spoken English around the world is going to be Standard English”

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Braj Kachru(1992)
• In 1990s the model was important as helped solve the problem of treating all the different types of English as one with newer varieties seen as deficient.
• kachru models is problematic in that those classed a being on outer circles are arguably de-legitimised and not part of the ‘real thing’
• Mario Saraceni(1999) proposed putting english as an international language in the centre diagram. He did this so that people outside no longer feel bound by it.

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The dynamic model shows how post-colonial varieties of English have evolved, rather than focusing on geographical regions like the previous models. This model concentrates more on language users' own experiences and on the processes by which varieties become established in an area. The model is split into 5 stages: foundation, exonormative stabilisation, nativisation, endonormative stabilisation, and differentiation.

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Post-colonial model of the progression of English

Phase 1: English appears in new territory.

Phase 2: English begins to be used. English speakers in the country look outside for normal and standards of English.

Phase of 3: Old + new languages assimilate and become more linked.

Phase 4: English spoken in the country develops its own norms + standards.

Phase 5: New variety develops its own regional/social differences.

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Explores different cultures