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Book Multimedia Research Project Works Cited

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The topic I have decided on is Sherpas, these are Himalayan people living on the borders of Nepal and Tibet. They are well known for their climbing ability and often are helpers and guides up Mount Everest. Jon Krakauer, the author of "Into Thin Air", writes a lot about the Sherpa who guide him up this dangerous mountain. He spends a whole chapter educating the reader on the Sherpa people, stating: “Sherpas are a mountain people, devoutly Buddhist whose forebears migrated south from Tibet four or five centuries ago"(46). Clearly, he wants the readers to be educated on these people. It is fairly common for climbers to overlook the helpers like Sherpas and Krakauer is well aware of that. He mentions, "Sherpas remain an enigma to most foreigners, who tend to regard them through a romantic scrim"(46). He goes onto talk about the amount of Sherpas that resign in Nepal and how important they are for the prosperity of Everest.

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This article is written by Chip Brown, a National Geographic staff member. He mainly talks about Sherpa culture and their main profession of guiding people up Mount Everest. His overall claim is that non-native climbers are much more likely to overlook the hard work Sherpas do to keep everyone safe on the Mountian points and camps. One of the first things he mentions is that: "Sherpas and Nepali mountain workers have died so routinely—40 percent of all Everest deaths over the last century" he goes on to talk about how easily glossed over these deaths are and how inadequate the condolences are. Brown also interviewed a few working Sherpas at some camps on Mount Everest, learning that food, water, and supplies are ordered bi-weekly to support everyone. This supports Jon Krakauer's statements about the importance of Sherpas. Brown and Krakauer make it clear that without Shepas, climbers would not have enough food or medical care to survive the daunting climb. To add, Brown touches on the Buddhist aspects of Sherpan ideals and values. In his book, Krakauer describes how he went to a Buddhist monastery in Khumbu and spoke with the Rimpoche, a very holy man.

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Sherpa's have a dense culture based around Buddhism and Tibetan. The climbing of the Himalayans has not crushed this culture, and if anything has made Sherpa's life more prosperous. This article states, "Many of the great Himalayan mountains are worshiped as gods. The Sherpas call Mount Everest Chomolungma and worship it as the "Mother of the World." Meaning that the idea of climbing them was out of the picture entirely. However, with more western involvement and an exchange of culture, natives of the Himalayans and Tibet came around to the idea. Sherpa's have been a part of every climb since then. In the current era, climbers of Everest support their economy greatly Contrary to what many people think, these Tibetan people have not "converted" to more western ideology besides learning multiple languages to communicate better with travelers. The author states, "The day-to-day religious affairs of the Sherpas are dealt with by lamas (Buddhist spiritual leaders) and other religious practitioners living in the villages." Buddhism is shared with travelers as well.
The author of this article is unknown, but the company that created this website is Advameg. inc, a company based in Illinois that has 50+ websites under its belt. Ceo Lech Mazur states that: "Our sites are frequently referenced by media outlets including CNBC, CNN, The New York Times, Fox News, The Atlantic and The New Yorker." which is a great source of credibility. Most of its other websites are encyclopedias of stuff like biographies, medical information, and other nations

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To put it simply, Sherpa's have a much lower death rate compared to other climbers of Everest. This graphic shows that Sherpa guides died exponentially less on each decent path than other climbers and mountaineers. This can be directly tied back to the fact that Sherpa's are locals and have great climbing expertise.  Sherpa's depend on the financial success of Mount Everest, so at a young age they are taught how to be safe on the dangerous peeks. To add on, Krakauer talks about how not every Sherpa accompanying each group will climb the whole way. Most of them are trained as chefs and/or medical aid; meaning that they will reach Camp 3 on the North route or South Col on the South and stay there. Of course that still is a dangerous trek, but it cuts out some of the highest altitude.

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It is no mystery that Sherpa's have extraordinary abilities when it comes to climbing Mount Everest. However, the real mystery is how they achieve these skills and records on mountains. Studies have shown that overtime, the Sherpa's bodies have developed a better way of retaining and using oxygen. The author of this article, Emily Sohn, talks about how when people get to high altitudes a hormone called erythropoietin creates more red blood cells. This thickens your blood which will carry more oxygen, but puts massive stress onto the heart. Which leads to symptoms of altitude sickness. Tests have been done to compare "lowlanders" (people who do not live at high altitudes) to Sherpa's red blood cells. She states that, "In the muscles of the Sherpas, the study found, the cells' mitochondria (the energy-producing parts) converted more oxygen into energy" meaning that they have evolved to have a more efficient energy system. They have mutated genes that are directly related to oxygen metabolism.
Emily Sohn is a journalist whose work is on websites like CNN, National Geographic, WebMD, and of course NPR. Most of her articles are about Covid 19 and geography. Her LinkedIn profile states that she went to Dartmouth College for Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, then University of California for science writing.

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This is a map of Nepal showing different regions and their residents. You can see that the Sherpa's are mainly on the north edge of Nepas which borders Tibet. Mount Everest is on that border as well. There are many other ethnic groups including Sherpa, Thakali, Gurung, Sunuwar, Kirati, Rai, Lohorung, Parali, Bahing, Limbu, Newar, Pahari, and Tamang.

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The word Sherpa or Sherpa people are usually associated as guides up Mount Everest and surrounding peaks. However, not every guide is a Sherpa and not every Sherpa is a guide. Most Sherpa people live in the south side of Himalayas, mainly in the eastern regions of Nepal. But some of them also live in Zhangmu, Dinggye and Tingri of Tibet. This article is an interview with a Himalayan Sherpa guide named Pemba. He states that, "Most people think that Sherpas are porters that will carry people up to the mountains; some people think Sherpas are guides, some people think Sherpas are mountain climbers. Those are all actually misconceptions,” and goes further on to explain the genetic advancements of Sherpas and their bodies oxygen use. During his journey, Krakauer writes about how some of the people in his group though these kind of things about the Sherpa guides accompanying them. He also talks about the tension between westerners and Sherpas in the recent years. This is basically what Pemba Sherpa talks about in his interview, talking about inexperienced westerners hiring Sherpas to "basically drag them up the mountain".
Kelsey Blodget is the Editorial Director at Oyster.com and has a lot of creative writing experience. Most the articles she has contributed to are about places around the world, misconceptions, and overall travel help. She is a graduate of Dartmouth College, where she majored in Creative Writing and Classical Studies.

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Sherpas - Introduction, Location, Language, Folklore, Religion, Major holidays, Rites of passage

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The Science Behind The Super Abilities Of Sherpas _ Goats and Soda _ NPR

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Confessions of a Himalayan Sherpa Guide _ Oyster.com