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Anzaldua, G. (1999). Borderlands/La Frontera: The new mestiza (3rd edition). San  Francisco: Aunt Lute Books.

Bloome, D. & Enciso. P. (2007). Looking out across Columbus: What we mean by  “multiple literacies.” Theory into Practice, 45(4), 296-303.

Croom, M. (2020). If “Black Lives Matter in literacy research,” then take this racial turn:  Developing racial literacies. Journal of Literacy Research, 52(4), 530-55.

Freire, P. (1983). The importance of the act of reading. Journal of Education, 165(1), 5-11.

González, N. (2016). Imagining literacy equity: Theorizing flows of community  practices. Literacy Research: Theory, Method, and Practice, 65(1), 69-93

McDermott, R. & Varenne, H. (1995). Culture as disability. Anthropology and Education  Quarterly, 26(3), 324-348.

Paris, D., & Alim, H. S. (2014). What are we seeking to sustain through culturally sustaining  pedagogy? A loving critique forward. Harvard Educational Review, 84(1), 85-100.

Scribner, S. (1984). Literacy in three metaphors. American Journal of Education, 93(1), 6-21.

Zacher, J. (2009). Christina’s worlds: Negotiating childhood in the city. Educational  Studies, 45, 262-279.

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The Daily % Value is a literacy term that may not be understood by everyone. I learned the meaning in a nutrition class in my undergraduate and therefore, I may have learned it later than most people or some people may still not know the meaning behind the recommended daily intake value. There is an explanation of Daily intake in small letters at the bottom of the label. The daily 2000 calorie intake is referred to as general nutrition advice therefore, 100 calories does not take up a significant amount of 2000 calories for daily intake. With that in mind, I also know red beans is a good source of protein and vegetables by referring to the MyPlate diagram on the adjacent label. As I come to this conclusion, I am using my literacy repertoires to connect the nutrition fact label with the MyPlate diagram in order to understand the nutritional value of this product.

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As I went to reach for the can, I realized that I would not be able to reach it easily if I had a physical disability. Additionally, the aisle was narrow and I would've had difficulty entering it if I were in a wheel chair. Therefore, the "norm" in this Super Foodtown store, is that the general population is able.

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On the bottom right corner there is the MyPlate diagram. This diagram is typically learned in school. This diagram demonstrates what is considered as healthy or a well balanced diet in America. Therefore this is culturally linguistic diagram. By placing this diagram on the GOYA Pink Beans can, there is a connection between school and a different space- the grocery store. Bloome & Enciso (2007) emphasize that literacy practices have more meaning when it is used in different spaces because it allows for an expansion of one's repertoire. Understanding this literacy practice can impact decisions and choices with purchasing this product.

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Spotify values visual and musical literacy. As a result, this excludes people who are hard of hearing or have impaired vision. I take for granted my privilege in being considered part of the 'norm' when it comes to ability. However, the Social-Construct theory challenges the norm.  McDermott & Varenne (1995) examine how the power of culture is used to disable. By excluding a certain population based on their disability, a hierarchy is maintained in society. As a result, Spotify further separates the communities of those who are abled and those who have disabilities.

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America is a melting pot with people who listen to diverse music and therefore, why are the majority of these songs in English?  These artists could not possibly reflect the diverse musically literate communities in the United States. Croom (2020) discusses how our judgments about race correlates with our judgments about knowledge. Our judgments about knowledge focus on what is worth knowing, worth reading and worth understanding. Therefore leading to the question, how do our judgments about knowledge work hand in hand with our judgments about race within Spotify? Spotify provides a platform for the music and artists they believe is worth listening to and worth knowing based on White America's beliefs about race. Therefore, it's not surprising artists from genres such as: K-pop, Reggae or Bollywood aren't present in this playlist. The playlist says "America" but without diverse representation, this playlist oppresses those who come from different cultural backgrounds and positions how the dominant White American culture views 'outsider' music as unimportant and irrelevant.
Additionally, White American culture's current belief on race is not only to inhibit people of color from succeeding, but instead to choose who succeeds in order to maintain control. Most of the artists in the "Top Artists of 2020 USA" playlist are artists who have been successful for years, even decades. For new artists, it would be difficult for their music to become popular without being featured on a platform such as Spotify. Therefore, Spotify plays a role in deciding which artists are worth knowing and as a result, maintains control over mainstream music.

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The mathematical literacy at play includes the measuring of the ingredients. This mathematical literacy adds a layer to previously learnt school literacy because now one has to apply school-learned literacy such as the measuring symbols (cups, tsp, TBSP) into practice. Additionally, it is assumed that everyone understands how to follow this recipe as well as attain the ingredients. The mathematical literacy portrays the American metric system without conversions. It's interesting because the front of the label converts 15.5oz into 439g. Therefore, although this product is for both Spanish speakers and English speakers, this metric system is another indication that this recipe is for English language speakers, primarily those in America.

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Paris & Alim (2014) refer to an interview with Toni Morrison, where Toni Morrison discusses the "White gaze." How would the world look like without the dominance of the "White gaze"? The music on Spotify is considered mainstream and we see this in the Top Artists 2020 America playlist. It puts into question, what music would be in this playlist without the "White gaze."

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I've grown up with GOYA products whether it's Adobo seasoning, frozen products or rice.  My familiarity with GOYA pink Beans demonstrates how my cultural literacy transcends into everyday routines. Additionally, GOYA products are at low cost compared to other products, which is another reason why it was a staple in my household. The target audience for this product can be for those who are in low socioeconomic status.

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My Super Foodtown is located in Washington Heights. Washington Heights is predominantly Latinx. Therefore, Latinx food products are easily accessible. My familiarity with my Super Foodtown, allowed me to easily locate the GOYA Red Beans cans. However, if I hadn't known where it was, I would've felt comfortable asking an employee because I know it is a well-known product.  Zacher (2009) describes a "cosmopolitan person" as someone who feels at home in different contexts. Similarly, I feel comfortable walking through my Super Foodtown listening to Spanish and English flow between different conversations. I'm privileged to walk into two different cultures simultaneously. Anzaldua (1999) proclaims that one must have pride in their language in order to take pride in themselves. In this regards, my linguistic repertoire allows me to create a connection between the spaces I enter and my identity as mentioned by Zacher (2009).

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The Nutrition Facts label allows consumers to know about the food they are eating and make sense of it. Words such as: "Cholesterol "Sodium "Carbohydrate" and "Protein" are often well-known but the nutrition facts label adds meaning to these words in relation to the product. With this product, I never looked at the nutrition fact label because I know it has a great source of protein. However, the nutrition facts label is important for those who are new to the product or are health conscious. I noticed "Calories" is the biggest text size on the label. By emphasizing that this product only has 100 calories, the target audience could be for those who are analyzing their calorie intake.

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I never noticed that there was a recipe on the label.  The first thing I noticed was that the recipe was written in English. Then I noticed this was the only part of the can that didn't translate between English and Spanish. Therefore, the audience for the recipe is for English language speakers. Since GOYA is a Hispanic product, the assumption might be to introduce this product to a different audience. In this regard, GOYA is being linguistically flexible by engaging English language speakers.  By disregarding this recipe in Spanish, I believe the intention was that the "norm" with this product is Hispanics know how to incorporate Goya pink beans into their dishes and therefore, do not need this recipe translated. Gonzalez (2016) claims that schools promote English at the expense of students losing their home language, which translates into the connection between Dominant American English and power. Therefore this recipe is a linguistic shift in power by demonstrating Spanish speakers as the "insiders" of this Hispanic product and English speakers as the "outsiders".

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The label reads in English and Spanish which provides a clear target audience. Since GOYA is a Hispanic product, by labeling the can in English and Spanish, there is an intersection of cultures and literacy. However, "Pink Beans" is on top, signifying that English is the dominant language in this context. GOYA is also largely placed at the top, which emphasizes the intent of using a well-known brand.
There is even another layer within the Spanish labeling. The can says "Habichuelas"  but I grew up calling beans, "Frijoles". Therefore, literacy terms can vary per region of Spanish speakers. Although I grew up calling beans "frijoles", I know "Habichuelas" is another way to refer to beans. Therefore, I code switch within Spanish depending on my surroundings. My linguistic flexibility within Spanish allows me to engage in functional literacy.  Scribner (1984) claims that functional literacy allows one to move across different contexts with fluidity. Scribner (1984) goes on to discuss how schools are required to instill these functional literacies within children. However, it is also important to incorporate a student's funds of knowledge in order to get a better idea of their linguistic repertoire.

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As I overlooked my Spotify playlists, I came across the playlist "Top Artists 2020 America" and decided to search for other countries. I thought about which countries would be included and excluded in the searchbar.

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In response to my audio recording above, it's important to identify my privileges. I grew up in the digital world and therefore I've attained digital literacy, which allows me to easily navigate functions on Spotify such as shuffle, the microphone, more options, likes and download. This is one literacy practice I take for granted in my daily engagement with this literacy event.
Additionally, Spotify includes a monthly subscription which is arranged via the App Store or the Google Play Store. Therefore, subscribers need to understand how to create an account and connect the account to their billing information. My digital literacy allows me to navigate this process with ease, which would be considered frustrating for others. In addition to digital literacy, it is not equitable to assume that everyone has access to a credit card, thereby someone who may have digital literacy may not have the means to pay the monthly subscription.

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As I reflect on the multiple literacies I engage with on Spotify- I observe how I walk into different cultures. As a Peruvian-American, I relate to the White American culture because that is the culture I grew up in. However, through my connectiom to my Latinx roots, I explore linguistically and culturally different genres on Spotify. As a result, I broaden  my linguistic contexts and sociolinguistic contexts. The inclusiveness of Latinx artists and music on Spotify, allows me to be included in the social elite group. In addition, I'm aware that the Latinx artists highlighted on Spotify are mainstream Latinx artists and do not reflect those "underground" artists in Latinx communities.

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The artists in this playlist are well-known. It can be said that knowing these artists includes you into certain social groups. This is one way literacies flows into different communities.  The sociolinguistic aspect is important in this context because it creates a familiarity that people from different communities can relate to. Bloome & Enciso (2007) discuss the tenets of literacy education. They focus on the how, "literacy practices construct social relationships among people in social groups as well as provide social identities to individuals" (p.300). In this way, Spotify uses music to connect people through mainstream music. Music is a social experience because it provides a linguistic repertoire that one carries in their everyday social interactions. When someone says they listen to Drake or to Post Malone, our knowledge of these artists creates an assumption of that person's music interest but also their identity.

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Intersectionality between race, culture, language, class and ability with Spotify.

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I searched Top Artists 2020 and observed which countries popped up. It is shown that Spotify creates a dominant platform for certain countries. Peru and Colombia were excluded along with other countries that are not Spotify's targeted audience. Therefore, within Spotify there is a clear division between which countries are superior and which are not. It is another way that imperialism controls Spotify, through music, only an elite group can produce music. Freire (1983) discusses reading the word and reading the world. Spotify can be one's immediate world and therefore has power over the music one has access to listen to.

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Spotify targets a certain population by highlighting mainstream artists in typically searched playlists.

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I use Spotify daily whether it's in the background when I run my errands, on my commute, while finishing my homework, reading or to lift my spirits. I was drawn to Spotify because it recommends playlists based on the music I listen to. In this screenshot, my top 6 playlists are shown at the top. As noted, my top two artists are Bad Bunny and Aventura. The other playlists highlights a genre rather than an artist.

I want to highlight the obstacles Bad Bunny had to overcome in order to 'make it' in this White American culture on Spotify. He is the first Latinx artist to have an album entirely in Spanish reach #1 in the billboards for weeks. This is huge because as mentioned, Spotify is targeted for mainstream artists for the American and White population. Also, this combats the notion of monolingualism as the norm as discussed by Gonzalez (2016).

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Goya Pink Beans