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Births:
2021-03-11. (2021, March 11). Ssb.No. https://www.ssb.no/en/fodte

Total Fertility Rate:
Statista. (2021a, March 2). Total fertility rate of Norway 1800-2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1033637/fertility-rate-norway-1800-2020/

Norway Population Growth:
Population growth (annual %) - Norway | Data. (2019). Population Growth Annual. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.GROW?locations=NO

Births from 2008-2019:
Statista. (2021d, March 11). Number of births in Norway 2010-2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/611719/number-of-births-in-norway/#:%7E:text=How%20many%20children%20are%20born,around%2054.5%20thousand%20in%202019.

TFR 2010-2020:
Statista. (2021a, March 2). Total fertility rate of Norway 1800-2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1033637/fertility-rate-norway-1800-2020/

Lundquist, Jennifer Hickes, Douglas L. Anderton, and David Yaukey. Demography: the study of human population. Waveland Press, 2014.

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A mortality rate is the measure of deaths within a country scaled to the country's population. The child mortality rate is an average of 2.4 per 1,000 live births. This graph shows the steady decline of Norway's child mortality rates over the years.

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From this graph, it is important to point out the relative decline in the overall birth rate of Norway. This is because in the 21st century, we have seen that more women choose not to have children or if they do, they are only willing to have no more than one or two.   Average child per Woman is 1.62
Average child per Man is 1.46

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As you can see here, the general fertility rate of Norway is currently 1.692 which is an increase of 0.24% from last year (2020). In 2020, the fertility rate has increased 0.24% again from 2019. So it looks like each year, the fertility rate has been increasing steadily. Note that this rate is based on age specific cohorts and is not adjusted.

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This is a record of the population growth of Norway from 1961 to 2019 with 2012 being the highest rate of population at 1.3

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This is a record of the population growth of Norway from 1961 to 2019 with 2012 being the highest rate of population at 1.3

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The reason why the population is at 1.3 in 2012 was partly due to the fact that 2012 was the year that the country surpassed the 5 million mark. Since then, as previously observed by the number of births per year chart, the births have been on the decline as well as the net immigration in the country. Therefore that is the reason why there is a decline in the chart shown below after 2012.

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According to the SBB, in 2020 the average age a woman gives birth to her first child is 29.9. What is interesting here is that over the span of just 10 years, there has been a decline in births. The start of the declining trend began in 2016 and then began to decrease a bit more each year as opposed to the previous years where the number of births was relatively the same for a few years then it periodically dropped more than usual. In 2020, there were 1,516 fewer births than in 2019 and in 2018 there were 1,513 less births than in 2017

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The mortality rates among the adult population are relatively low. The current mortality rate in Norway is a 7.94 per 1,000 people. The graph below shows a significant mortality rate drop following the 1990's, this was mainly due to a reduction of cardiovascular disease related deaths. The current mortality rate for men is 7.6 and 8.1 for women. This is becuase there are more elderly women in Norway than there were men, explaining why more women die.

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Morbidity refers to having a disease or the amount of disease within a population. The main morbidity in Norway is cardiovascular disease. While the rate of cardiovascular diseases are not declining, the mortality rates caused by these diseases are. The graph below shows the increase of cardiovascular drug use within the Norway population over a given period of time. Due to the invention and overall implementation of these new medicines these diseases are becoming less fatal on a population scale. However, even with the reduction, this morbidity affects men at a higher rate than women, due to their lifestyles.

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Life expectancy reflects mortality in a population and helps show the country's status.The life expectancy is higher for women in Norway than it is for the men. The average life expectancy for women is 84 years, while the average life expectancy for men is about 81 years. The life expectancy has for the most part steadily increased over time, with the exception of a certain historical events.

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Attached below is a life table provided by the country Norway and there up to population data base. The data base offers every age group, but due to the format of the table it was unable to export fully, here I have attached a portion of the chart for reference. The direct link is provided to see full scales of Norway's life table (https://www.ssb.no/en/dode).
A life table is a chart that summarizing the mortality situation within a given country. It shows the different risks of dying at different ages. The table includes: the amount of survivors for that age, the number of deaths for that age, the life expectancy in years for that age, and the probability of death at that specific age. For Norway's life table we can see that

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Shown here is the total fertility rate (TFR)of Norway from 2010-2020. TFR is the number of children that a woman of a specific cohort Ex (15-49 )would have. Overall, it is measured by how many births that cohort of women during each age have at the rate observed over that particular period. As the chart shows, the current TFR in Norway is 1.48. This is relatively low compared to previous years. At the moment, the country has reached its lowest rate of fertility in recent years. Some of the concerns would be that it paves the way for population decline, which can translate to an unsustainable population . Now with the trend of women waiting longer to have their first child, it will be no surprise that the fertility rate will continue to go down.

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Norway is a narrow country in northern Europe. It shares the Scandinavian Peninsula with Sweden and Finland. Its current population is around 5.4 million. With its lush green landscapes and famous Svalbard Islands, it can be regarded as one of the most beautiful countries in the world. In addition to that it is considered a more developed region. The capital is Oslo and is located on the southern coast. The formal name of the country is The Kingdom of Norway or (Kongeriket Norge) in the native language. Norway does still have a monarchy but it is considered constitutional which means that even though the king is the head of state his role is mainly representative and ceremonial. The official languages of the country are Bokmal Norwegian and Nynorsk. Currently, the ethnic groups are as follows: Norwegian 83.2%, other European 8.3%, other 8.5% (2017 estimated). There is also a group in Norway called the Sami who are a group of herders once knows as Lapps, that herd the caribou (reindeer). They are different from the average Norwegian because of their darker complexion and shorter height. This country is well knows for its traditions, equality and humanitarianism. They also often take in refugees or people who are seeking asylum. Norway is also known for giving its people one of the highest standards of living in the world. The country has a diverse amount of wildlife such as caribou and wolverines. Along the coast are puffins, and gulls. In addition, Norway is home to about 2,000 species of plant life and few that are only found in that particular country.

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The net migration rate of a country is the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants per 1,000 people. When the number of immigrants is higher than that of emigrants the net migration rate is positive. When the number of immigrants is lower than the number of emigrants it results in a  negative net migration rate. An immigrant is defined as an individual coming into a country while an emigrant is an individual leaving the country. For Norway, the current net migration rate in 2021 is 5.144 per 1000 population. Compared to previous years, this is a 0.83% decline. In the year 2020, the net migration rate was 5.187 per 1000 population. In 2019 the net migration rate was 5.230 per 1000 population and in 2018 the net migration rate was 5.273 per 1000 population.

The chart depicts how the amount of individuals migrating into Norway is decreasing as the years progress. The decline shows that there are more emigrants than immigrants, therefore there are more individuals leaving the country than there are people coming into Norway. The decline is not significant compared to the previous year but it is shown that slowly the amount of people leaving is reaching those that are arriving. It is important to note that most more developed regions (MDRs) have a positive net migration rate where they have more people entering the country than leaving it, but for Norway this is not the case hence the decline.

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Immigration Policies Influencing Level of Immigration

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Immigration Policies Influencing Level of Immigration

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To move into Norway with the intentions of living, working, or studying in the country a residence permit is needed unless you are a Norwegian citizen. In order to be awarded a residence permit it depends on two things: your country of citizenship and your ability to sustain yourself and any dependents financially. For those who do not manage to find employment during their stay they have to leave the country and there is a waiting period before you are able to return. People from other Nordic countries such as Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland have an easier experience with the immigration process. Citizens of other countries need a permanent job offer to be given a residence permit.

This chart below depicts reasons for immigration into Norway and it can be seen that the primary reason seems to be for work as that dark blue line is increasing across the years. The second reason is family, then followed by refugee, then lastly education. This is according to data up to 2006. A majority of population decides to enter Norway to seek work which explains the increase in numbers.

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In terms of international migration Norway receives about 1,200 refugees annually which mainly come from the Asia and Pacific regions. There has been an increase in the number of migrants applying for a work permit from people from Poland, Lithuania, and Latvia.

The capital of Norway, Oslo, has reduced its share of immigrants while surrounding counties have increased their share of immigrants. The stable immigration of refugees toward the less central areas of Norway results in a pattern of internal migration toward central regions, which explains the increase in centralization among Norway internally.

Norway tends to have more internal migration going on within the country. Based off 2011 data, it shows that there has been an increase in centralization in Norway meaning that most municipalities in the central area received a migration surplus. In 2011,  the internal migration surplus was 5,900 migrations. In the chart it can be seen how the center of Norway is intensified with a dark blue color demonstrating that there is a high concentration of people migrating to the center. On the bottom right of Norway it is not as blue, it is more red, orange, and yellow which show less amounts of internal migration going on. The shades of blue are focused on the center which show the centralization of people in Norway.

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Differential Patterns of Migration for Males & Females

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Differential Patterns of Migration for Males & Females

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The immigration patterns seen in Norway are gendered. Men mainly migrate into Norway as refugees and to seek work. Women on the other hand, migrate into Norway to unite with their partners or with their families. This pattern of migration between men and women conforms to the stereotyped idea of the man working and earning money while the woman stays home and tends to the family.

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The life expectancy of Norway is actually higher than the average life expectancy of the surrounding countries in Europe. When looking at child mortality under 5 years of age, Norway has a significantly lower mortality rate than the rest of Europe which ranged from 3 to 16 per 1,000 births. The average mortality rate in European countries is 10.54, while Norway's is lower.

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This chart demonstrates the migration flow in Norway during the years 2009 to 2019 by the number of people. The dark blue bars represent the number of individuals immigrating while the black bars represent the individuals emigrating. In 2011, immigration reached its highest point with 79, 498 individuals coming into the country. In 2016, emigration reached its highest level with 40, 724 individuals leaving the country. The bars continue to fluctuate but it seems like the immigration patterns are decreasing as the years go by. The emigration levels do not reach as high as the immigration levels but they seem to be at a more consistent flow.

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Migration Comparison to Neighboring Countries

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Migration Comparison to Neighboring Countries

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Shown here in the line graph is the comparison of the number of immigrants neighboring the country of Norway between the years 1968 and 2011. The other two countries being compared on this graph are Sweden and Denmark. It can be seen that Sweden has the most number of immigrants. Following Sweden is Denmark then Norway. In 2011, Sweden had around almost 100,000 people in absolute numbers, Norway had approximately 70,000 and Denmark had approximately 55,000. The immigration seems to be increasing in Norway across time whereas in Sweden and Denmark there are variations of increases and declines.

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Brunborg, H. (n.d.). ResearchGate. Retrieved March 17, 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Immigration-to-Norway-by-reason-for-immigration_fig3_265278753

Department, P., & 2, J. (2020, June 02). Norway: Migration flow 2009-2019. Retrieved March 17, 2021, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/586606/migration-flow-in-norway/

Immigrants in Norway, Sweden and Denmark. (n.d.). Retrieved March 17, 2021, from https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/artikler-og-publikasjoner/immigrants-in-norway-sweden-and-denmark

Internal migration activity remains high. (n.d.). Retrieved March 17, 2021, from https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/flytting/aar/2012-05-11

Population & Migration. (n.d.). Retrieved March 17, 2021, from https://gender.no/topics/population--migration

Nikel, D., Mitchell, Tseyi, Svensson, S., Samson, Susan, . . . Shahidul. (2019, November 07). Norway Immigration Guide. Retrieved March 17, 2021, from https://www.lifeinnorway.net/norway-immigration-guide/

Norway Net Migration Rate 1950-2021. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/NOR/norway/net-migration#:~:text=The%20net%20migration%20rate%20for,a%2011.79%25%20decline%20from%202017

Norway. (2018, February 26). Retrieved March 17, 2021, from https://www.iom.int/countries/norway

Zimmermann@stlouisfed.org, & StambÃ¸l, L. (2014, February 02). Settlement and migration patterns among immigrants in Norway, by Lasse. Retrieved March 17, 2021, from https://ideas.repec.org/p/wiw/wiwrsa/ersa14p1066.html

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Cardiovascular disease in Norway. (2009, April 6). Norwegian Institute of Public Health. https://www.fhi.no/en/op/hin/health-disease/cardiovascular-disease-in-norway---/#key-points

Country Profile. (2020, February 6). UNICEF DATA. https://data.unicef.org/country/nor/

Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) - Norway | Data. (2021). The World Bank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.CDRT.IN?locations=NO

Death- Statistics Norway. (2021, March 11). Ssb.No. https://www.ssb.no/en/dode

Life expectancy in Norway. (2016, August 8). Norwegian Institute of Public Health. https://www.fhi.no/en/op/hin/population/life-expectancy/#:%7E:text=In%202016%2C%20life%20expectancy%20in,(Statistics%20Norway%2C%202016)

World Population Prospects 2019. (2021). United Nations. https://population.un.org/

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Jakobsen, S. E. (2020, February 24). An ageing population is good for us and the planet. Sciencenorway.No. https://sciencenorway.no/birth-family-planning-population/record-low-fertility-rates-in-norway-finland-and-iceland/1642832#:%7E:text=Norway%20is%20just%20behind%20at,slightly%20above%20the%20EU%20average

Norway. (2021, February 10). Geography. https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/geography/countries/article/norway#:%7E:text=Norway%20is%20a%20narrow%20country,as%20were%20the%20country’s%20mountains.

Norway’s 2020 population projections - National level results, methods and assumptions. (2020, June 3). Ssb.No. https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/artikler-og-publikasjoner/norways-2020-population-projections

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The fertility rate of Norway is relatively low. But out of all the Nordic countries, it is not the absolute lowest. But it is certainly much lower than other European countries. Looking at the fertility rate through the years, we can see that it has been declining for quite some time. Some of this has to do with an increase in family planning. Less and less couples are having children at a young age or are even choosing not to have any at all. The average age that Nordic women are having children is around 30 years old. It is also good to point out that the number of women having children after 35 are increasing while those who are having children under 25 years old is decreasing. It's possible that the fertility rate of Norway will continue to decline. Researchers say that one of the only ways that the population can be maintained is to increase what is called the "replacement rate" to 2.1 children.

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The common migration patterns found in Norway consist of less people coming into the country than leaving it. Across time the number of immigrants remains higher than that of emigrants but it can be seen as a trend that the immigration levels are decreasing. Much of the reason for moving into Norway seems to be for work purposes and as explained that is one of the ways to attain a residence permit there. Another main pattern was that males seem to migrate over to Norway more as refugees and to work. Women did not migrate over for the same reason since gender stereotypes would not allow women to work. Women mainly migrated to follow their husbands or family. Compared to nearby countries Norway had the least amount of immigration.

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The over all mortality rates for the country are relatively low, especially when compared to the other countries in Europe. The low mortality rates can be explained through the country's status as a more developed region. The morbidity of Norway is most represented in cardiovascular diseases. This is the main cause of mortality within this population as well. New medicinal technologies have allowed for a lower rate of cardiovascular disease mortality, however, morbidity still remains high. The life expectancy is high when looking at the surrounding countries, with an average of 81 years for men and 84 for women. The life table explains the mortality of Norway a bit better in chart form, showing that the population's probability of death increases in the more elderly years.

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The population pyramid below shows the prediction of Norway's future population. There is a prediction that there will be population growth, due to the positive net migration the country experienced. It is predicts that there will be more birth rates than death rates, and the population bulk would majority elderly. The life expectancy is also expected to rise to high 90's by the year 2100.
There are prediction that immigration rates are set to decline, due to the trend of more people emigrating.

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Below is a line chart comparing the average age that women have their first child in Norway, Denmark, Finland, Sweden and Iceland. When comparing the countries between 2010 and 2020 Finland is recognized to have the lowest fertility rate from 1.9 in 2010 to 1.4 in 2017 and Norway comes in second from 1.96 in 2010 to 1.56 in 2017 but in 2020 it went further down to 1.48. In 2020 Finland's fertility rate is 1.48. So in other words, both Finland and Norway are at the same level.