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Station 1: The Transcontinental Railroad

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Station 1: The Transcontinental Railroad

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Station 2: Chinese Immigrant Laborers on the Transcontinental Railroad

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Station 2: Chinese Immigrant Laborers on the Transcontinental Railroad

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The picture below shows Chinese immigrants building the Transcontinental Railroad through the Sierra Nevada Mountains.

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The Plains Indians were nomadic, and they relied on the buffalo for survival. During the 1800s, there were millions of buffalo on the Great Plains. The Plains Indians used the animal to meet their every need (food, clothing, teepees, bones used as tools). By the end of the 1800s, the buffalo were hunted to near extinction. White settlers hunted them for meat, hides, and fertilizer. They also killed the buffalo to hurt the Native Americans. The painting above depicts a buffalo hunt.

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The Plains Indians were nomadic, and they relied on the buffalo for survival. During the 1800s, there were millions of buffalo on the Great Plains. The Plains Indians used the animal to meet their every need (food, clothing, teepees, bones used as tools). By the end of the 1800s, the buffalo were hunted to near extinction. White settlers hunted them for meat, hides, and fertilizer. They also killed the buffalo to hurt the Native Americans. The picture above is a pile of bison bones that were going to be turned into fertilizer.

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“Be it enacted, That any person who is the head of a family, or who has arrived at the age of twenty-one years, and is a citizen of the United States, or who shall have filed his declaration of intention to become such, as required by the naturalization laws of the United States, and who has never borne arms against the United States Government or given aid and comfort to its enemies, shall, from and after the first of January, eighteen hundred and sixty-three… That any person owning or residing on land may, under the provisions of this act, enter other land lying contiguous to his or her said land, which shall not, with the land so already owned and occupied, exceed in the aggregate one hundred and sixty acres… Provided, however, That no certificate shall be given or patent issued therefor until the expiration of five years from the date of such entry.” –Excerpt from the Homestead Act, 1862

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The Dawes Act divided Indian reservations into individual allotments for American Indians. American Indians were expected to farm their plot of land and live separately from the tribe. After meeting these conditions, they would be granted U.S. citizenship. The goal of the law was to assimilate Native Americans into American culture. The remaining Indian lands would be sold to non-Native Americans.

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Station 8: Native American Boarding Schools

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Station 8: Native American Boarding Schools

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Christian missionaries established Native American boarding schools. Their goal was to assimilate Native American children into American culture. Children were forcefully separated from their families and sent to boarding schools in the East. The most famous school was the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania. At the Native American boarding schools, children had their name replaced by an American name, they were forced to dress/cut hair like American children, and were forbidden to speak their Native language. They were taught that their traditional way of life was inferior to white culture. There was a major emphasis on discipline at these schools, and many children were abused.

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Station 9: The Battle of Little Big Horn

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Station 9: The Battle of Little Big Horn

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The government made a treaty with the Sioux that they could keep the Black Hills in South Dakota forever. However, white settlers found gold in the Black Hills, and they began settling on Native American land. The leader of the Sioux, Sitting Bull, was going to fight to keep the land promised to his people by the U.S. government. Sitting Bull gathered many Native American warriors together at a place called Little Bighorn River. The U.S. government sent Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer and the 7th Cavalry to remove the Native Americans from their land and put them on a reservation. The soldiers searched for the Native Americans warriors for weeks. They finally confronted them at the Little Bighorn River. The 7th Cavalry was outnumbered, and the Native American warriors killed Custer’s entire army. This battle was known as Custer’s Last Stand and was the last major victory for the Native Americans. The U.S. government would eventually capture the band of Native Americans, and they would be placed on a reservation.

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The Sioux were practicing a dance called the “Ghost Dance.” They believed if they practiced this dance and went back to their traditional ways, the whites would disappear. The U.S. government was worried about the influence of this dance, so they sent the 7th Cavalry to confiscate their guns at their camp near the Wounded Knee Creek. As the troops were trying to get them to surrender their weapons, a fight broke out, and the troops opened fire, killing over 200 men, women, and children. The troops then buried the dead in mass graves, and the survivors were sent to a reservation. This event is known as the Wounded Knee Massacre, and it officially marked the end of the war between the U.S. government and the Native Americans.