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refers to the part of the trade where Africans, densely packed onto ships, were transported across the Atlantic to the West Indies.

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was the tenth Mansa, which translates to "sultan", "conqueror" or "emperor", of the wealthy West African Islamic Mali Empire.

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belief that objects, places and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence.

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is a country located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa.

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are large biting flies that inhabit much of tropical Africa.

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is a historical term indicating trade among three ports or regions.

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belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.

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was a global conflict which ran from 1756 until 1763 and pitted a coalition of Great Britain and its allies against a coalition of France and its allies.

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a natural object or animal that is believed by a particular society to have spiritual significance and that is adopted by it as an emblem.

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was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of what is now mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century.

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an act, statement, or gift that is intended to show gratitude, respect, or admiration.

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also known as the Columbian interchange, named after Christopher Columbus, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Americas, West Africa, and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries.

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signed at Tordesillas in Spain on June 7, 1494, and authenticated at Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa

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a nobleman of the Portuguese royal household, was a Portuguese explorer.

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a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country.

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held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent (or Trento, in northern Italy), was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church.

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the doctrine that all events have been willed by God, usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual soul.

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was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era.

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the action or fact of indulging

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was an Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, writer, playwright and poet of the Renaissance period.

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a Renaissance cultural movement which turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought.

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is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium, thereby transferring the ink

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identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

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considered a heroine of France for her role during the Lancastrian phase of the Hundred Years' War, and was canonized as a Roman Catholic saint.

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type of bow that is tall – roughly equal to the height of the user – allowing the archer a fairly long draw.

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1. a person who subjects themselves or others to flogging, either as a religious discipline or for sexual gratification.

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the use of toxins of biological origin or microorganisms as weapons of war.

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was a period of technological improvement and increased crop productivity that occurred during the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe.

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consisted of the creation of a European economy based on trade, which began in the 11th century and lasted until it was succeeded by the Industrial Revolution in the mid-18th century.

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a medieval association of craftsmen or merchants, often having considerable power.

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system of land cultivation under which the common land is divided into three parts of which one or two in rotation lie fallow in each year and the rest are cultivated.

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the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.

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that is an institution called as such, was founded in Bologna, Italy in 1088.

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was the period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula of about 780 years between the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711 and the fall of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada to the expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492.

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was the first sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.

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born Odo of Châtillon or Otho de Lagery, was Pope from 12 March 1088 to his death in 1099.

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one tenth of annual produce or earnings, formerly taken as a tax for the support of the Church and clergy.

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the action of officially excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church.

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1. the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges, for example pardons or benefices.

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a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government.

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a member of the Turkish infantry forming the Sultan's guard between the 14th and 19th centuries.

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is one of three types of plague caused by bacterium Yersinia pestis. One to seven days after exposure to the bacteria, flu-like symptoms develop.

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also called the Great Schism and the Schism of 1054, was the break of communion between what are now the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Churches, which had lasted until the 11th century.

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A new military system created during the Heraclian Dynasty of the Byzantine Empire, in which land was granted to farmers who, in return, would provide the empire with loyal soldiers. Similar to the feudal system of medieval western Europe.

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was an incendiary weapon used by the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire beginning c. 672.

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Latin Codex Justinianus, formally Corpus Juris Civilis (“Body of Civil Law”), collections of laws and legal interpretations developed under the sponsorship of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I from 529 to 565 ce. Strictly speaking, the works did not constitute a new legal code.

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the profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations, typically by a country's representatives abroad.

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was the capital city of the Roman Empire, of the Eastern Roman Empire, of the brief Crusader state known as the Latin Empire and of the Ottoman Empire.

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the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims.

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the unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims.

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is a tactical doctrine of using short surprise attacks, withdrawing before the enemy can respond in force, and constantly maneuvering to avoid full engagement with the enemy.

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was the founder and first Great Khan and Emperor of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death.

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a group of close-knit and interrelated families (especially associated with families in the Scottish Highlands).

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The Eurasian Steppe, also called the Great Steppe or the steppes, is the vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia in the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome.

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The Mongol Empire existed during the 13th and 14th centuries, and was the largest contiguous land empire in history

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is a form of animal husbandry, historically by nomadic people who moved with their herds.

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a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.

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also known as black powder to distinguish it from modern smokeless powder, is the earliest known chemical explosive.

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is the system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document

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a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs (typically regarded as heretical) from those of a larger group to which they belong.

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a struggle or fight against the enemies of Islam.

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Islamic law or sharia law is a religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition.

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he Islamic sacred book, believed to be the word of God as dictated to Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel and written down in Arabic

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was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam.

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the faith, practice, and church order of the Roman Catholic Church.

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a military operation in which enemy forces surround a town or building, cutting off essential supplies, with the aim of compelling the surrender of those inside.

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a large building, typically of the medieval period, fortified against attack with thick walls, battlements, towers, and in many cases a moat.

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a man who served his sovereign or lord as a mounted soldier in armor.

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was a way that feudal lords organized their lands in order to produce agricultural goods.

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an agricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lord's estate.

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widespread respect and admiration felt for someone or something on the basis of a perception of their achievements or quality.

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a former English gold coin.

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the dominant social system in medieval Europe.

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They discovered the Americas long before Columbus and could be found as far east as the distant reaches of Russia.

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Was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor of the Romans from 800.

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the Bishop of Rome as head of the Roman Catholic Church.

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the period of European history from the fall of the Roman Empire in the West

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a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different.

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dismiss from employment.

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a change in global or regional climate patterns

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an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress.

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Roman peace

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a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.

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primarily concerned with making money at the expense of ethics.

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a murderer of an important person in a surprise attack for political or religious reasons.

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Massively multiplayer online role-playing game

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a very powerful and influential nation

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Formation in which the hoplites would line up in ranks in close order

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An alliance of greeks city-states led by Athens

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Deciding on policy initiatives directly

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A small group of people that have control of a country

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The highest class in certain societies such as those holding hereditary titles or offices

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A form of government which the monarch is the head

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A country that is under partial political control of another area

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Is any land capable of being plow and is used to grow crops