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Map of Jutes, Geats, Danes and Swedes [SMM]

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Map of Jutes, Geats, Danes and Swedes [SMM]

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1. The attached map image shows the tribal lands of the Germanic and Scandinavian Tribes during the period described in Beowulf. The tribes fought each other for territory and authority, but also made alliances through marriage and trade.
Citation: quarocdn.net

2 "Then it fell to Beow to keep the forts. He was well regarded and ruled the Danes for a long time after his father took leave of his life on earth" (53-56).

3. What does this passage suggest to us about the Danish king's role with respect to his land? The passage indicates the role of the King to be the primary guardian of the lands that his forefathers had conquered. His leadership role was a warlike one.

4. Image Citation: https://qph.ec.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-a90c048913f34ef1dbb9f4ee72a62fb5

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Fyrkat in Hobro, Denmark (Mead Hall) [Claire]

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Fyrkat in Hobro, Denmark (Mead Hall) [Claire]

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1. Fyrkat is a former Viking ring camp and throne room located in Hobro, Denmark. There was both a land and sea access to the fort through the valley and road. Swamplands surrounded the camp on three sides and a river once passed through the land. The location of Fyrkat offered protection, but it was also difficult to travel in and out.
https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=ff921ba5b05c4ca7be872cb46ff8d00e

2. "So his mind turned to hall-building: he handed down orders for men to work on a great mead-hall meant to be a wonder of the world forever..." (67-70)

3. What do you imagine was important about mead halls for the Anglo-Saxon culture?

I think the Anglo-Saxon culture might have found mead halls as important because it was a place for the warriors to come together, celebrate, and tell stories. They would drink mead, which is a honey based alcoholic drink. I think mead halls were a way to show off but also honor the brave warriors and give them a place of rest and congregate.

4. Image citation:

http://viking.archeurope.info/index.php?page=fyrkat

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Ancient Scandinavian Torque (token of honor) [Saayeh]

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Ancient Scandinavian Torque (token of honor) [Saayeh]

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1. An Ancient Scandinavian Torque was a large ring-like necklace that could be worn by many different societies. For Northern European tribes, it represented a high status in society, and could be made out of bronze, silver, or most often out of gold, and had an opening on one side (front). It was most often worn d by nobility and some torques even weighed a few kilos.
Citation: https://www.claddaghdesign.com/history/all-about-torcs/

2. "Far and wide through the world, I have heard, orders for work to adorn that wallstead were sent to many peoples. And soon it stood there,
finished and ready, in full view,
the hall of halls. Heorot was the name he had settled on it, whose utterance was law. Nor did he renege, but doled out rings and torques at the table. The hall towered, its gables wide and high and awaiting a barbarous burning" (74-84).

3. Why might Anglo-Saxon culture have valued something like a torque?
Anglo-Saxon culture might have admired a torque because of it’s value (if it were made of gold, etc) and because it would often be worn by nobility and those high in society (which the people would often respect). From reading the passage, it could also represent some kind of symbol of safety or hope during a hardship.

4. Image citation:
https://www.claddaghdesign.com/history/all-about-torcs/

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1. The Nydam boat was a sacrificial oak wood boat found in the Nydam Mose in Northern Germany, which was a bog where many sacrifices occurred. At the time sacrifices were made to please the gods or express thankfulness to them. Weapons were found around and in the boat, but were damaged. It was designed to have 30 rowers.
Citation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nydam_Mose
https://www.abc.se/~m10354/uwa/nydam-e.htm

2. "A ring-whorled prow rode in the harbor, ice-clad, outbound, a craft for a prince. They stretched their beloved lord in his boat, laid out by the mast, amidships, the great ring-giver. Far-fetched treasures were piled upon him, and precious gear. I never heard before of a ship so well furbished with battle-tackle, bladed weapons and coats of mail" (32-40).

3. How might this passage about the funeral of a king help us to understand that boats meant more to the Anglo-Saxons than just a mode of transportation?
Since they used the boat to honor a king's death it seems like the boats would have been royalty or special. The passage says that the boat was well stocked with weapons and armor as well and they seem like very acceptable sacrifices.

4. Image citation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nydam_Mose

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The Sutton Hoo Archeological Site [Joanie]

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The Sutton Hoo Archeological Site [Joanie]

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1. The Sutton Hoo Archeological Site is the burial site for the kings of the Anglo Saxons (Ex: King Raedwald). It was discovered in Southeastern England in the 1930s. The burial ground has a deep ship in it and some of the most amazing Anglo- Saxon artifacts and treasures.

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/medieval-world/early-medieval/a/the-sutton-hoo-ship-burial

2. "Then fashioned for him the folk of Geats firm on the earth a funeral-pile, and hung it with helmets and harness of war and breastplates bright, as the boon he asked; and they laid amid it the mighty chieftain, heroes mourning their master dear" (2712 - 2718).

3. Why do you think Anglo-Saxons buried their great kings with boats and treasure?
I think they buried their kings with treasure and boats because it honored them by being around such fine gold and coins. It shows how they had amazing craftsmanship and burying their kings in their treasures could make them proud of their work. It also showed their connection to boats and sea travel.

4. Image citation:
https://www.world-archaeology.com/great-discoveries/sutton-hoo/

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1.The Sutton Hoo Helmet is a helmet that was worn by an Anglo-Saxon war-leader. It was buried with many other armors and weapon in a warrior chieftain grave at Sutton Hoo.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/kpnm6FD3TOaNri1gNPGJ1w
2. "You are free now to move forward to meet Hrothgar in helmets and armor, but shields must stay here and spears be stacked until the outcome of the audience is clear" (395-398).

3. Why do you think Anglo-Saxons decorated their armor and weapons?
By decorating their armor and weapons the Anglo-Saxons could pay tributes to gods or animals they worshiped or believed would help them in battle.

4. Image citation:
http://artserve.anu.edu.au/raid1/student_projects/hoo2/helmet.html

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1.  The Sutton Hoo sword (also known as the "Royal Blade") was a sword blade discovered in the Sutton Hoo ship burial, alongside the burial chamber of the king's body. It was crafted using a special technique called "pattern-welding" which shows that it was a true weapon used in battle.
Citation: http://www.wuffings.co.uk/MySHPages/SHTreasure/SHSword.htm
https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/sword-from-the-ship-burial-at-sutton-hoo/uQGATpxRArOXnw?hl=en
2. "...a rare and ancient sword named Hrunting. The iron blade with its ill-boding patterns had been tempered in blood. It had never failed the hand of anyone who hefted it in battle" (1458-1461).

3.What do you think it means that the Anglo-Saxons had names for their swords?
Anglo-Saxons probably gave their swords names because it was very important and useful to them, similar to how we have different titles for different books because we use them in our daily lives and we need ways to distinguish them apart. Therefore since the Anglo-saxons were always conquering parts of Britain, which may include war a specific sword could make it easier to conquer a specific group of people which is probably why they gave them names.
4. Image citation:
https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/sword-from-the-ship-burial-at-sutton-hoo/uQGATpxRArOXnw

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1. The Sutton Hoo Shield is one of many artifacts that were found at the Sutton Hoo Ship burial site in 1939. The shield was one of the many treasures found, and it is believed to have been given from Scandinavia to a Anglo-Saxon king as a sign that the recipient is highly respected. The shield also shows a connection with Sweden and Scandinavia.
Citation: https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/sutton-hoo/features/a-brief-introduction-to-sutton-hoo-

2. "Swaddled in flames, it came gliding and flexing and racing toward its fate. Yet his shield defended the renowned leader's life and limb for a shorter time than he meant it to: that final day was the first time when Beowulf fought and fate denied him glory in battle" (2569-2575).

3. Why do you think shields were so important to warriors that they were often buried with them?
I believe the primary reason that the shields were so important to warriors was because the shield showed the respect they had in the community and the overall greatness they achieved.

4. Image citation:https://research.britishmuseum.org/collectionimages/AN00079/AN00079865_001_l.jpg

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1. The Sutton Hoo Silver Bowls were valuable pieces of art that were placed by a corpse during ship burials. Each bowl had a cross leading to a rosette in the center. The cross resembles Christianity/religion and the flower is a flower of a sacred tree in Anglo-Saxon England

2. "They stretched their beloved lord in his boat, laid out by the mast, amidships, the great ring-giver. Far-fetched treasures were piled upon him, and precious gear. I never heard before of a ship so well furbished with battle tackle, bladed weapons and coats of mail. The massed treasure was loaded on top of him: it would travel far on out into the ocean's sway" (34-42).

3. Why do you think the Anglo-Saxons consider bowls as treasure worth burying with a king?

Perhaps the buried the bowls with a king because of symbolism and the material of which they were made of.

4. Image citation:https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=87249&partId=1

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The Sutton Hoo Great Golden Buckle [Laura]

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The Sutton Hoo Great Golden Buckle [Laura]

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1. The Sutton Hoo Great Golden Buckle is an early medieval masterpiece. The domed bosses and curved sides mirrors Frankish buckles. On it, there is a plate that is a hollow box which is believed to have Christian relics. This was made using over 400 grams of gold. The Sutton Hoo Great Golden Belt was popular by many Germanic people.

2. "Boar-shapes flashed above their cheek-guard, the brightly forged work of goldsmiths, watching over those stern-faced men" (303-306).

3. Why do you think the Anglo-Saxons valued gold so highly?

I think that the Anglo-Saxons valued Gold so highly because it is a rare element and was possibly used as a symbol of rank and respect.

4. Image citation:
https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=AwrEzNTL1hdeh04AsN6LuLkF;_ylc=X1MDOTYwNTc0ODMEX3IDMgRmcgMEZ3ByaWQDVnM2ZWoybUtTUTZDN1AxMW9HT21tQQRuX3N1Z2cDMARvcmlnaW4DaW1hZ2VzLnNlYXJjaC55YWhvby5jb20EcG9zAzAEcHFzdHIDBHBxc3RybAMEcXN0cmwDNDcEcXVlcnkDVGhlJTIwU3V0dG9uJTIwSG9vJTIwR3JlYXQlMjBHb2xkZW4lMjBCdWNrbGUlMjAEdF9zdG1wAzE1Nzg2MjA2MjI-?fr2=sb-top-images.search&p=The+Sutton+Hoo+Great+Golden+Buckle+&ei=UTF-8&iscqry=&fr=sfp#id=0&iurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancient.eu%2Fuploads%2Fimages%2F5100.jpg%3Fv%3D1485682113&action=click

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Modern Replica of a Danish Mead Hall/Ring Fort

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Modern Replica of a Danish Mead Hall/Ring Fort

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1. The Sutton Hoo Harp is a lyre that is associated with old English poetry. In old English it was called a hearpa. The harp/lyre itself was played when people spoke poetry and stories. Sutton Hoo is the cite of two cemeteries from the Anglo-Saxon period.
https://www.cs.vassar.edu/~priestdo/lyre.html
https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/galleries/sutton-hoo-and-europe
2. "Then a powerful demon, a prowler through the dark, nursed a hard grievance. It harrowed him to hear the din of the loud banquet every day in the hall, the harp being struck and the clear song of a skilled poet telling with mastery of man's beginnings . . ." (86-91)

3. What roles do you think poets played in the culture of the Anglo-Saxons?
I think poets played a very important role in Anglo-Saxon history. I say this because I think story telling/poetry played a big role in their society. They played a big role because they were the ones to pass down stories

4. Image citation:http://history.furman.edu/webimages/pages/39%20Sutton%20Hoo,%20harp%20replica_jpg.htm

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1. The Sutton Hoo Purse Lid is used for status and to show your wealth. It was probable use to display your riches and was used to help define a social class. The symbols on the lid symbolized power and courage for the anglo-Saxons.

2. "Boar-shapes flashed
above their cheek-guards, the brightly forged work of goldsmiths, watching over those stern-faced men. They marched in step,
hurrying on till the timbered hall
rose before them, radiant with gold" (303-308).

3. Why do you think the Anglo-Saxons valued gold so highly?
I think that the Anglo-Saxons valued gold so much because of the status that it gave them. Gold was a away of displaying ones wealth and importance. The Anglo-Saxons valued their status highly.

4. Image citation:

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1. The Sutton Hoo Iron Stand is an artifact that was found during the excavation of the Sutton Hoo Ship burial site in 1939. King Raedwald, who died around 625, was buried there with an iron stand interpreted as a standard or a weapon stand.
https://research.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=88889&partId=1

https://smarthistory.org/the-sutton-hoo-ship-burial/
2. “And they set a gold standard up
high above his head and let him drift to wind and tide, bewailing him
50 and mourning their loss" (47-50).
3. What do you think it means that the king described was given a funeral with a golden standard rather than an iron standard as was the king buried at Sutton Hoo?
I think the king was given a funeral with a golden standard rather than an iron standard because he was a king. Maybe kings received golden standards at their funerals, while other important soldiers received iron ones. However, the people in this quote are mourning the loss of their king, so this suggests that the king may have received a golden standard instead of an iron one because he was loved by his people.
4. Image citation:
http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/rufus-project/cgi-bin/images/imagedatabase/ironstand.JPG