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2020/6/14

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21/06/16

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New census data released on Tuesday reveals China's population growth has fallen to its slowest pace since the 1960s, posing a challenge to policymakers in Beijing.

The average population growth per year dropped by 4 percentage points from the decade before

Beijing deployed 7 million census takers to go door-to-door

Analysts warn China's ageing population could be the nation's biggest crisis

The new data will put pressure on the government to relax family planning policies and overhaul an economy that has long relied on an expanding workforce.

Despite speculation China's population might have declined, the figures showed it increased from 1.339 billion to 1.411 billion between 2010 and 2020.

The average population growth rate per year was 0.53 per cent, slower than the 0.57 per cent in the 2010 census.

Millions of Chinese men will continue to struggle to find a female partner despite some progress in equalising the sex ratio, with men making up 51.24 per cent of the population.

China conducted its once-a-decade census in November and December last year, gathering a wide range of information about the population's age, education, occupation, migration and marital status.

About 7 million census takers were deployed across the country, going door-to-door to gather information.

Some analysts have warned a declining birth rate combined with a rapidly ageing population could be the biggest crisis facing the world's second-biggest economy.

End of one-child policy fails to lift birth rate

Beijing had hoped for a surge in births after lifting the decades-old one-child limit to two in 2016, but Chinese parents have been more reluctant than anticipated to have more children.

Last year, births plunged 15 per cent to 10.035 million from 2019, according to the Ministry of Public Security.

May He, a 27-year-old former international student in Australia now working in the food industry in Chengdu, echoes the feelings of many young Chinese who say they probably will not have children.

She told the ABC that although financial pressure was not as great for her as it was for many others, she still worried about money as well as the mental strain.

Ms He said her friends had told her milk powder alone for a baby cost more than $100 a month, not including postage.

The average monthly salary for her profession at her age with her qualifications in Chengdu was about $1,300, she said.

"And then on top of rent and my personal expenses, I would also need to pay for early-child education for the kid - that's very expensive in China, nearly $2,000 for a semester," Ms He said.

Some young Chinese people worry about being able to afford supporting their parents while raising children of their own.(
AP: Andy Wong
)

Ms He said many young people were also worried about how they would support their parents into old age while raising children.

"Chinese parents want to do as much as they can for their children, so it could be hard to provide for two young kids as well as four parents," she said.

"Some parents tell their children that they don't need to hurry to marry and it's more important to save money for themselves ... while others push back their retirement or find second jobs so they won't be a financial burden to their kids."

Tuesday's census numbers also revealed the average household size was now below three for the first time - something officials attributed to more young people living out of home.

'It's a great challenge for the public finance'

Bei Lu, a researcher at the University of NSW's ARC Centre of Excellence in Population Ageing Research, said the census numbers showed China's population was ageing rapidly.

China's birth rate falls to lowest in 70 years

The country's lowest birth rate since the founding of the People's Republic of China poses a long-term challenge for the country's government.

Dr Lu said the 65-plus age group had grown from 9.1 per cent of the population in 2011 to 13.5 per cent, which would have implications for the pension, medical and long-term care systems.

"I think China will be on the same track as Japan in 20 to 30 years' time regarding the population structure," she said.

"It's a great challenge for the public finance to support these older people, not only the living costs but also the increased healthcare costs as well as long-term care costs.

"We observed from the census release that the household size is much smaller than before, which indicates less family support for elders, so they have to rely more on the social support network."

Not all bad news

Hong Kong University of Science and Technology social science and public policy professor Stuart Gietel-Basten said the census results were not surprising.

"We expected to see more people aged above 60 [and] fewer people aged between 18 and 59, which is what we've seen," Professor Gietel-Basten said.

On the positive side, he said, the census data showed a rise in literacy.

If that could be translated into increased productivity while members of the older population were able to stay healthy and work longer, then that could offset the slowing population growth, he said.

"Then there's no reason why [the data] should be presented as a disaster at all," Professor Gietel-Basten said.

China's demographic crisis worse than rivals?

Many developed economies are dealing with ageing populations but Fuxian Yi, a demographer from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, said China faced a more acute crisis than others.

"Declining birth rates are a global crisis. It's like a stone rolling down a hill. Even if you don't push it, it will still roll down, just at a slow pace," he said.

"China's family planning policy is like kicking the stone."

China's ratio of working-age people to seniors is falling dramatically.(
AP: Ng Han Guan
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Mr Yi said an important way to measure how much a population was ageing was to see how many people aged 20 to 24 there were for each 65-year-old.

He said in 2020, one Chinese senior was supported by 4.9 young people, which was "much better than the US, Japan and Europe".

But in 2035, the ratio was projected to fall to 2.4 to one, lower than the US.

He said in 2050, that ratio would be 1.5 young people for each senior person, compared to 2.2 to one in the US.

"By 2050, China's median age will be 56, while in the US it will be 44 ... In the past, it was a teenage China chasing a young US, with the gap between them closing, but from now on it will be a senior China competing against a middle-age US," he said.

This would become a huge financial burden if more elderly Chinese people turned to the state for welfare support, he said.

"In the future, China will continue to be involute, so there will be no vitality in society, no political enthusiasm, and no economic energy," Mr Yi said.

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China wanted a baby boom when it lifted its one child policy, but the opposite is happening

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New census data released on Tuesday reveals China's population growth has fallen to its slowest pace since the 1960s, posing a challenge to policymakers in Beijing.

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China's population grew at its slowest in the last decade since the 1950s as births declined, sowing doubt over Beijing's ability to power its economy as it succumbs to the same ageing trends afflicting developed nations like Japan.

With growth having ebbed ever since a one-child policy was introduced in the late 1970s, the 2020 results of the country's once-a-decade census on Tuesday showed the population of mainland China increased 5.38% to 1.41 billion. That was the least since modern census-taking began in 1953.

Data showed a fertility rate of 1.3 children per woman for 2020 alone, on par with ageing societies like Japan and Italy. The shrill alarm for China's policymakers is that the world's second-biggest economy may already be in irreversible population decline without having first accumulated the household wealth of G7 nations.

The number meant China narrowly missed a target it set in 2016 to boost its population to about 1.42 billion by 2020, with a fertility rate of around 1.8. In 2016, China replaced its one-child policy - initially imposed to halt a population explosion at the time - with a two-child limit.

The sharp deterioration in demographics will fuel pressure on Beijing to ramp up incentives to couples to have more children - incentives that have thus far failed to offset the impact of career choices and cost-of-living challenges that couples say have deterred them from starting extended families.

Analysts said that with substantial ageing of the population already in view, the census numbers will also give ammunition to policymakers arguing in favour of raising the country's retirement age sooner than later.

"From the trend of population development in recent years, the population growth will continue to slow in the future," said Ning Jizhe, head of the National Bureau of Statistics, speaking after the release of the census results.

"China's population will reach a peak in the future, but the specific time is still uncertain. It is estimated that China's total population will remain at more than 1.4 billion in the near future," Ning said.

2030 PEAK?

In recent months, China's state media has been increasingly bleak on the outlook, saying the population may start to shrink in the next few years. The United Nations predicts the number of people living in mainland China will peak in 2030 before declining.

But in late April, the Financial Times newspaper said the population actually fell in 2020 from a year earlier, citing unidentified people familiar with the matter.

The 2020 number in the nationwide census was actually slightly higher than the 1.4005 billion in 2019 estimated in a smaller official survey published in February last year.

One bright spot in the data was an unexpected increase in the proportion of young people - 17.95% of the population was 14 or younger in 2020, compared with 16.6% in 2010.

From 2016 to 2019, the annual birth rate mostly declined with the exception of 2016. Last year, China recorded 12 million births, Ning said, sharply down from 14.65 million in 2019 and the lowest since 1961.

"It doesn't take published census data to determine that China is facing a massive drop in births," said Huang Wenzheng, a demography expert at the Center for China and Globalization, a Beijing-based think-tank.

Even if China's population didn't decline in 2020, the expert said, "It will in 2021 or 2022, or very soon."

'COST OUTRAGEOUS'

Urban couples, particularly those born after 1990, tend to value their independence and careers more than raising a family despite parental pressure to have children.

Surging living costs in big cities, where most Chinese now live, have also deterred couples from having children.

According to a 2005 report by a state think-tank, it cost 490,000 yuan ($74,838) for an ordinary family in China to raise a child. By 2020, local media reported that the cost had risen to as high as 1.99 million yuan - four times the 2005 number.

"Having a kid is a devastating blow to career development for women at my age," said Annie Zhang, a 26 year-old insurance professional in Shanghai who got married in April last year.

"Secondly, the cost of raising a kid is outrageous (in Shanghai)," she said, in comments made before the 2020 census was published. "You bid goodbye to freedom immediately after giving birth."

As well as adding pressure on China's working-age population and weighing on productivity, a diminishing pool of working adults will also test China's ability to pay and care for an aging nation.

Citizens aged 65 and older accounted for 13.5% of the population in 2020, the data showed, far higher than the 8.87% registered for 2010.

Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.

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China demographic crisis looms as population growth slips to slowest ever

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China's population grew at its slowest in the last decade since the 1950s as births declined, sowing doubt over Beijing's ability to power its economy as it succumbs to the same ageing trends afflicting developed nations like Japan.

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China's population grew at its slowest pace in decades, according to government data released on Tuesday.

The average annual growth rate was 0.53% over the past 10 years, down from a rate of 0.57% between 2000 and 2010 - bringing the population to 1.41bn.

The results add pressure on Beijing to boost measures for couples to have more babies and avert a population decline.

The results were announced in a once-a-decade census, which was originally expected to be released in April.

The census was conducted in late 2020 where some seven million census takers had gone door-to-door to collect information from Chinese households.

Given the sheer number of people surveyed, it is considered the most comprehensive resource on China's population, which is important for future planning.

Ning Jizhe, head of the National Bureau of Statistics revealed that 12 million babies were born last year - a significant decrease from the 18 million newborns in 2016.

However he added that it was "still a considerable number".

Mr Ning added that a lower fertility rate is a natural result of China's social and economic development.

As countries become more developed, birth rates tend to fall due to education or other priorities such as careers.

Its neighbouring countries Japan and South Korea, for example, have also seen birth rates fall to record lows in recent years despite various government incentives for couples to have more children.

Last year, South Korea recorded more deaths than births for the first time in history, raising fresh alarm in a country which already has the world's lowest birth rate.

Shrinking populations are problematic due to the inverted age structure, with more old people than the young.

When that happens, there won't be enough workers in the future to support the elderly, and there may be an increased demand for health and social care.

Yes. In 2016, the government ended a controversial one-child policy and allowed couples to have two children.

But the reform failed to reverse the country's falling birth rate despite a two-year increase immediately afterwards.

Ms Yue Su, principal economist from The Economist Intelligence Unit, said: "While the second-child policy had a positive impact on the birth rate, it proved short-term in nature."

There had been expectations that China might scrap the family planning policy altogether along with the new census results, but this did not happen.

A report by the Financial Times in April also quoted people familiar with the matter as saying the census would reveal a population decline.

This did not happen with the 2020 report but experts have told various media outlets that it could still happen over the next few years.

"It will in 2021 or 2022, or very soon," Huang Wenzhang, a demography expert at the Centre for China and Globalisation told Reuters.

China's population trends have over the years been largely shaped by the one-child policy, which was introduced in 1979 to slow population growth.

Families that violated the rules faced fines, loss of employment and sometimes forced abortions.

What else have we learnt?

China's working-age population - which it defines as people aged between 16 and 59 - has also declined by 40 million as compared to the last census in 2010. But chief methodologist Zeng Yuping said that the total size "remains big" with 880 million.

"We still have an abundant labour force," he said.

However, economist Ms Yue warned that going forward, continued drops in the labour force "will place a cap on China's potential economic growth."

She added: "The demographic dividend that propelled the country's economic rise over recent decades is set to dissipate quickly."

After a few extra weeks in which officials were reportedly working to "prepare" the numbers and help to "set the agenda" the bottom line is the number of Chinese in China is growing - just.

Most of that is people getting older - and staying older. There was a small increase in the number of under 14s, a vindication of the decision to end the one-child policy in 2015, according to the government's census chief.

But state media is already talking about the population beginning to fall next year.

This is not a demographic change unique to China, but with the biggest population in the world and an economy that it's trying to make more reliant on domestic consumption, this is a particularly salient issue.

China's Communist leaders have already said retirement age will need to go up to deal with those demands and costs. This could mean more work to come for the country's workers.

Experts warned that any impact on China's population, such as a decline, could have a vast effect on other parts of the world.

Dr Yi Fuxian, a scientist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, said: "China's economy has grown very quickly, and many industries in the world rely on China. The scope of the impact of a population decline would be very wide."

Additional reporting by the BBC's Yip Wai Yee

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China census: Data shows slowest population growth in decades

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The results add pressure on Beijing to boost measures for couples to have more babies.

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Why is China's 2020 census so important?

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Some seven million officials fanned out across China to conduct the nation's seventh population census in November and December 2020, in what will become a key resource for future planning.

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News Release Mr. Ning Jizhe, Deputy Head of the Leading Group of the State Council for the Seventh National Population Census, Commissioner of the National Bureau of Statistics of China May 11, 2021
Under the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, according to the coordinated decisions and arrangements made by the Leading Group of the State Council for the Seventh National Population Census, with the meticulous organization and cooperative advancement of all regions and relevant government departments, concerted efforts and dedications of all the census staff as well as the joint and active participation of hundreds of millions of census respondents, the Seventh National Population Census has completed the field enumeration and the aggregation of the main data successfully. Today, a press conference is held to brief you a basic introduction and main data of the Census.
I. Basic Introduction
In accordance with the Statistics Law of the People's Republic of China and the Regulations on National Population Census, China carried out its Seventh National Population Census (hereinafter referred to as the Census) with 00:00 hours of November 1, 2020 as the reference time, aiming to offer a comprehensive understanding of the number, structure, distribution and other aspects of China's population so as to provide accurate statistical information support for the improvement of China's population development strategy and policy, the formulation of economic and social development plans and the advancement of high quality economic development.

The CPC Central Committee and the State Council attached great importance to the Census. General Secretary Xi Jinping participated in the on-site registration of the census and delivered an important speech. The State Council established the Leading Group for the Census and held many plenary sessions and teleconferences to make relevant census arrangements. All member agencies of the Leading Group and local governments at all levels meticulously organized and implemented the census in concerted efforts, with 679 thousand census agencies set up at provincial, municipal, county, township and village levels across China and more than seven million census staff recruited. Census agencies at all levels and all census staff made active efforts to overcome the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and successfully completed the field enumeration of all households and residents.

In the Census, data can be reported directly in real time by fully adopting digital data collection, respondents were enabled to fill in and submit questionnaires by scanning the QR code themselves for the first time, and the application of administrative records and big data from electricity meters and mobile phones was strengthened. As a result, the quality and efficiency of the census were improved. The Census intensified publicity by inviting Zhong Nanshan and Yao Ming as publicity ambassadors and its slogan"Population Census, Everyone Counts" resonated powerfully with people. The Census was conducted in accordance with the law and all the requirements in the census program were carefully implemented. With a strict quality control system, the Census established and improved the census data tracing and accountability mechanism. The post enumeration survey conducted in 32 thousand households of 141 counties randomly selected from 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) showed that the census process was rigorous and standard and the census results were reliable with an undercount rate of 0.05 percent.
II. Main Data of the Census
5. Age Composition. There were 253.38 million persons in the age group of 0 to 14, accounting for 17.95 percent; 894.38 million persons in the age group of 15 to 59, accounting for 63.35 percent; and 264.02 million persons in the age group of 60 and over, accounting for 18.70 percent (specifically, there were 190.64 million persons in the age group of 65 and over, accounting for 13.50 percent). Compared with 2010, the shares of people in the age groups of 0 to 14, 15 to 59, and 60 and above were up by 1.35 percentage points, down by 6.79 percentage points, and up by 5.44 percentage points respectively. The share of children rose again, proving that the adjustment of China's fertility policy has achieved positive results. Meanwhile, the further aging of the population imposed continued pressure on the long-term balanced development of the population in the coming period.

9. Population of Ethnic Groups. The population of the Han ethnic group was 1,286.31 million, accounting for 91.11 percent; that of the ethnic minorities was 125.47 million, accounting for 8.89 percent. Compared with 2010, the population of the Han ethnic group grew by 4.93 percent, while that of the ethnic minorities increased by 10.26 percent, and the share of the ethnic minorities increased by 0.40 percentage points. The steady increase of the population of the ethnic groups fully reflected the comprehensive development and progress of all ethnic groups under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.

The population issue has always been an issue of overall, long-term and strategic importance in China. The Seventh National Population Census has offered a good understanding of the size, structure and distribution of China's population, mapped accurately the trends of the demographic changes, and provided abundant and valuable information. We are working hard to compile, analyze and develop the census data, and will follow up with more ways to publish and share the census results. We will collaborate with relevant departments to strengthen the forward-looking and strategic study on population development. All these efforts will make full use of the census and provide strong statistical information support to advance high-quality development, formulate targeted strategies and policies on population, and facilitate the long-term balanced population development.

On behalf of the Office of the Leading Group of the State Council for the Seventh National Population Census and the National Bureau of Statistics of China, I would like to take this opportunity to express sincere gratitude to the census agencies at all levels and census staff who fought on the front lines. Over seven million census staff worked hard and rose to challenges with a strong sense of responsibility and initiative despite the impact of the COVID-19. They have completed the field enumeration on time and covered all houses, households, respondents and items in each enumeration area. It is because of their work that the results of the Seventh National Population Census can stand the test of history and people. I would also like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to all sectors of society and respondents who participated in and supported the census with a spirit of cooperation. Thanks to the 1.4 billion people who performed their census duties and provided authentic information with the ownership spirit of "Population Census, Everyone Counts", the strong cornerstone of the Seventh National Population Census of such a scale was formed. I would also like to extend our sincere gratitude to all friends from the news media involved in census promotion. Your all-round publicity inspired and encouraged the census staff with their confidence and motivation boosted, helped the respondents to know, understand and thus render support and cooperation to the population census. Without your dedication and diligence, the Seventh National Population Census would not have been so successful. Thank you again!
Note: [1] The national population refers to the population of the 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government and servicemen of the Chinese mainland, excluding residents of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and foreigners living in the 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. (In case of any difference between English translation and the original Chinese text, the Chinese edition shall prevail.)

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Main Data of the Seventh National Population Census

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News Release Mr. Ning Jizhe, Deputy Head of the Leading Group of the State Council for the Seventh National Population Census, Commissioner of the National Bureau of Statistics of China May 11, 2021 Under the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping

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China's population up to 1.412 billion in 2020 despite slowing birth rate

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Mainland China's overall population continued to grow last year, up from 1.4 billion a year earlier, but the number of new births fell for a fourth consecutive year.

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China census and demographics 2021 | South China Morning Post

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Your source for credible news and authoritative insights from Hong Kong, China and the world.

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10/06/21
Total 15 students have submitted their EOS assessment.

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2021/6/9

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09/06/21

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End of Semester assessment
09/06/21        period 1

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Open book assessment  from the chapter Weather and climate on June 9th 2021 during the online lesson.
All the best.

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name of the country: Australia
underpopulation refers to  a sharp drop or decrease in a country's population.
Covering an area of 7,617,930 sq.km (2,969,907 sq mi), Australia is the largest island and the smallest continent, the world’s 6th largest country and the largest country in Oceania. It is located between the Indian and Pacific Oceans in the Southern hemisphere.
Australia has an average population density of 3.3 people per sq km of the total land area.which makes it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. Problems of Underpopulation. Not enough people to fully exploit natural resources USA produces 8 million barrels of oil per day. Australia produces 570 thousand barrels of oil per day. Public services close due to lack ofcustomers. Hard to defend country as there is a lack of soldiers.
However, With low birth and death rates, Australia’s natural increase is low. Health care provision is very good which contributes towards the low infant mortality rates. Adult literacy is high at 99%.
In conclusion, there are so many problems that cause by underpopulation. there are many high payment migrate to the Australia, so the population will be smaller and smaller.

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name of the country: Bangladesh
Overpopulation refers to a population which exceeds its sustainable size within a particular environment or habitat.
Geographical Location of Bangladesh Bangladesh is a low-lying, riverine country located in south asia with a largely marshy jungle coastline of 710 km (441 mi) on the northern littoral of the bay of bengal.
Though Bangladesh is a small country, it has a huge population. About 850 people live per square kilometer here. The population of  country is increasing at an alarming rate. The causes of an increasing population are many. Most of the people in the country are illiterate. They do not know about the problems of overpopulation. Because of being illiterate, they are not aware of family planning. Besides, religious superstitions obstruct our people from taking family planning. Early marriage is also responsible for increasing population.
Overpopulation creates many problems. The area of Bangladesh is small in proportion to her vast population. As a result, it creates the problem of food, shelter, health, nutrition, unemployment., treatment, communication and illiteracy etc.
Overpopulation obstructs to our national development. it has become a burden for our country. The whole nation has been suffering from the grievous consequence due to overpopulation. The country will fall into acute poverty and people will lead a very unhappy and miserable life in the near future if it is not controlled.

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With the help of annotated diagrams explain the 3 types of rainfall.

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1. Mean annual temperature

The mean annual temperature refers to the average of the maximum and minimum temperatures of a year, taking the mean average of the coldest month of the year and averaging it with the mean average of the hottest month of the year.

1. Range of temperature

The annual range of temperature refers to the difference between the hottest and the coldest months by taking monthly mean temperatures in each case.

1. Diurnal range of temperature

Diurnal range of temperature is the difference between the daily maximum and minimum temperature.

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1.
Where is the bell-work?

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mean annual temperature ：adding the mean monthly temperatures of all the twelve months and dividing the total by 12
range of temperature：subtracting the minimum monthly mean temperature from the maximum monthly mean temperature in a year.
Diurnal range of temperature：Identify the lowest number in the day as well as the highest number.use highest minus the lowest.

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1. Annual mean temperature: add all the temperatures together in different months, then divided by 12, as there are 12 months in a year.

2. Annual range of temperature: subtract the minimum temperature in 12 months from the maximum temperature in 12 months.

3. Diurnal range of temperature: subtract the minimum mean temperature in 12 months from the maximum mean temperature in 12 months is the diurnal range of temperature.

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1.The annual mean temperature: It is calculated by adding the mean monthly temperatures of all the twelve months and dividing the total by 12

2. range of temperature mean Identify the lowest number in the data set, as well as the highest number. Subtract the lowest number in the set from the highest number.

3.The diurnal range of temperature: It is calculated by subtracting the minimum temperature from the maximum temperature of the day

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Calculation:
1. Mean annual temperature: Add up the temperature of 12 months and then divided by 12.
2. Range of temperature: Difference between maximum and minimum temperature.
3. Diurnal range of the temperature: Maximum daily temperature subtract minimum daily temperature.

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mean annual temperature: add all temperature of different months in one year and then divided by twelve
range of temperature: the difference between the highest mean monthly temperature and the lowest mean monthly temperature
diurnal range of temperature: the difference between the highest temperature and the lowest temperature within one day

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The two-child policy is a family planning policy in China that allows eligible couples to have a second child. Because it is a two-child policy, so the first child is multiple children, the second child is not allowed.
The two-child policy was implemented nationwide in November 2011, and in December 2013. In October 2015, the communique of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee pointed out that: adhere to the basic national family planning policy, actively carry out actions to cope with the aging of the population, and implement the universal two-child policy.
On May 11, 2021, the National Information Office of the People's Republic of China held a press conference on the main data results of the seventh national population census, which showed that the birth rate of "second children" has increased significantly.
Previously, China's family planning policy centered on the one-child policy, which has been strictly enforced since the 1980s. There are some minor tweaks, such as allowing couples to have a second child if both parents are only children and allowing a "one and a half child" policy in some rural provinces if the first child is a girl.
Statistics from the former National Population and Family Planning Commission show that before 2011, the coverage rate of the one-child policy on the Chinese mainland was about 35.4 percent. The "one child and a half" policy covers 53.6 percent of the population; The "two-child policy" covers 9.7 percent of the population (some ethnic minority couples; If both parents are only children, there may be two children); The three-child policy covers 1.3% of the population (mainly ethnic nomads in Tibet and Xinjiang).

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Volcano

A volcano is a landform, usually the size of a mountain, that is typically conical and has a cater and vent through which lava, hot gases, steam and rock fragments are or have been erupted through the crust of the Earth.

New Zealand’s Whakaari/White Island volcano lies at the northern end of the North Island’s ‘line of fire’ – a large volcanic plateau which stretches from the Bay of Plenty on the coast, to Mt Ruapehu inland. The line of fire forms part of the wider ‘Ring of Fire’ around the Pacific ocean.

The water is trapped in the pores of the rock and is at high temperature. External influences, such as gas input from below, earthquakes or changes in water levels can release the pressure of trapped hot water below.

Experts confirmed that it was a phreatic eruption. A phreatic eruption involves the release of steam and volcanic gases, leading to an explosion that shoots rock and ash up to three kilometers into the air. Water expands to vapor at supersonic speeds, and liquids can expand up to 1,700 times their original volume. The energy of the expansion is enough to shatter the hard rock, creating a crater and hurling volcanic material several kilometers away.There were reportedly 47 people on the island when the volcano erupted. The accident left 18 people dead and 26 seriously injured, many of them seriously. Many surviving tourists on the island experienced lung burns as a result of inhaling sulfur dioxide and ash, as well as "very severe" deep tissue burns, some more than half their bodies.

Continued earthquake and volcanic activity in the area, followed by heavy rains, poor visibility and toxic fumes, have hampered recovery efforts.

Long term impact: economic in the tours business

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Population policy in China

Type of policy:  Three child policy

Objective of policy: Recently, from the data we can see that the increasing rate of china population was the lowest in almost 10 years. China’s population has grown by just 5.38% in past decade, the slowest tare since at least 1960s, according to the National Bureau of Statistics.

China's one-child policy, introduced in 1979, has limited couples to one child for 35 years in an effort to tackle overpopulation and alleviate poverty.In recent years, China's economy has been booming, and the needs of its population have also changed. Today, the government relies on a large, young workforce to support high levels of economic growth.To avert a population crisis, the Chinese government announced in 2015 that it would ease birth restrictions to allow a maximum of two children per family.At the same time, China's population is ageing rapidly, threatening its economic growth. Data from the 2020 Census show that the proportion of the population aged 65 or above has risen rapidly in the past decade, from 8.87 percent in 2010 to 13.5 percent in 2020. So recently, China decided to public the three child policy to solve the aging problems. All in all, Three child police is order to solve economics and aging problems in China.

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Name of country The migration from Mexico to USA

International migration refers to the movement of people from their place of usual residence and across an international border to a country of which they are not nationals/ it is characterized by two kinds of migration, immigration and emigration. The sample I studied which is the international migration form Mexico to USA, is the immigration to USA and emigration for Mexico. It is usually caused by push factor and pull factor, the factor in Mexico that cause Mexican to migrate to USA is push factor, and the factor lead Mexican to USA in USA is pull factor.

Firstly, the factor that cause Mexican to migrate to USA is different wages. According to the statistic, . As of June 2017, a manufacturing worker in Mexico earned approximately 2.3 U.S. dollars an hour, whereas the average salary in the U.S. stood at 20.8 U.S. dollars an hour.

Besides, occupation is also a pull factor in USA that attract Mexico to carry out international migration. According to the survey, USA has a population density of 35.71 and is a country which lack of labor, but Mexico has a population density of 64.91 per km^2, and a lot of people is underemployment.  This kind of great gap can be considered not only push factor but also pull factor.

Finally is the war and climate, which is a domain push factor for this migration. Recent research shows that n 2017, Mexico witnessed a record number of murders with 29,158 homicides recorded. Mexico is Latin America's most dangerous country for journalists according to the Global Criminality Index 2016.

We can see form the above description that the international migration form Mexico to USA is mostly caused by the lack of native economic opportunity and the low wage. Also, physically, the native violence and war is also a essential one.

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under-population refers to  a situation in which there are too few people to realize the economic potential of an area or support its population's standard of living. It main shown at the available resources can support a larger population without lowering the standard of living. The increasing of death rate and deceasing of birth rate was the main caused of under-population. What's more emigration was another main caused of underpopulation.  Under-population causes problems like  drop in house prices, fewer new homes being built, less turnover for shopkeepers and businesses and fewer schools for educate. What's more there are less tax payer which means the income of government will be less, so they can not pay enough money on  the construction of infrastructure. Firstly, As the population is not large enough, the land will be greatly wasted, and for those houses, there is a large probability that they will be left idle, which will reduce the housing price and may be sold below the cost price. Secondly, less turnover for shopkeepers and businesses,The domestic tourism industry cannot develop and the domestic business cannot form a cycle. Foreign enterprises and tourists are needed to maintain the domestic economic income. Once foreign money disappears, domestic paralysis will quickly occur.Moreover and  fewer schools. few students and educated people go to school, which means that the overall educational environment and educational facilities in the country are seriously inadequate. Finally, under-population means only a small number of tax payers to the state meant the country could not afford to build infrastructure, such as hospitals and transport.We can see from the description that under- population will lead to a serious problem of economic backwardness and insufficient labor, but it will not waste resources excessively.

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coasts and rivers 2021/06/08

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casestudy - Causes & Benefits of flooding

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04/06/21

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For a named river you have studied, explain the causes of flooding.

Name of river: the Yellow River

The Yellow River is located in China. There are many reasons for its flooding. First, heavy precipitation. There is heavy rainfall in the Yellow River’s area during summer. Precipitation makes the surface of the river rise, so flooding may happen. Second, the Yellow River contains a large amount of sand. This makes its riverbed rise because of deposition and therefore increases the risk of flooding. Third, there is not much vegetation near the Yellow River's area, so water that flood out is less likely to be absorbed. These reasons caused the river’s frequent flooding in the past.

Yellow river is not the real name of the river!

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Name of country: Bangladesh
Over-population refers to the country's population has risen beyond its optimum. It usually occurs with increased birth rate, decreased death rate and high immigration rate. According to the datas from the book, a quarter of the world's children have suffered from protein-energy malnutrition, and another quarter of all fish stock are overharvested in the world due to the increasing population. It may lead to problems such as the shortage of resources, like food, water, housing or even job opportunities. Bangladesh is an example of country has been overpopulated. It has the highest population density in the world that has 1128 people per kilomotre squared, and is about 20 times the global average. The problem of the insufficiency of natural resources is the major factor in overpopulation as its population grows rapidly. Firstly, the high population can cause by the large families, especially for the working class ones. Because working class parents are not highly educated, they don't know the knowledge about abortion and family planning, therefore they will keep having more children. Secondly, due to its high population, about 40 percent of the population is unemployed, working a limited number of hours a week at low wages. This doesn't only happen in rural areas, but urban areas too. In addition, the shortage of natural resources is a major factor of overpopulation in Bangladesh. Around 8000 hectares of cultivable land had been urbanised every year for industrialisation and expansion of infrastructure. On the other hand, global warming caused the rising sea level, which made Bangladesh lost its land, thus housing has become a big problem for people. Last but not least, overpopulation can be caused by lots of different possible factors, it is highly necessary to be controlled, whether by government policies or by people's plans.

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1. It is a family planning, to decide how many children will a family have.
2. The purpose of the three child policy is to decrease aging population, to increase fertility rate in China.
3.  Firstly, this is firstly because the aging population is increasing at the moment in China, the government must implement the policy to increase younger population.

Please read the instructions carefully and follow them. Name of the work? type of policy? Answer all the questions please.

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Montserrat (a British Overseas territory) is a small island in the Caribbean. It is part of the Leeward Islands in a chain of islands known as the Lesser Antilles. The Island at its largest is no more that 12 km by 8 km and before the eruption had a population of 11000.

The current eruptive phase began on 18 th July 1995 when large billowing clouds of ash and steam erupted from Soufriere Hills volcano in the south of the island.Before 1995 the Volcano was dormant for over 300 years. However in 1995 the Volcano had a large eruption causing major damage to the island and starting a series of chain eruptions with another large eruption in 1997. The eruption began on 18 July 1995 within English's Crater, which is a structure about 1 km in diameter with walls 100 to 150 m high, open to the East. The first four months of the eruption involved intense earthquake swarms and vigorous steam explosions, caused by rapid heating of the groundwater by rising magma. The magma reached the surface by mid-November 1995 and a new lava dome began to form.

28 January 1998 The latest package of assistance to help Montserratians deal with the volcanic crisis on their island has brought the total amount committed by DFID(department of international development)  since July 1995 to =A351 million.

A convective ash cloud was generated from the pyroclastic flows and surges, and reached about 47,000 feet (14.3 km) altitude.

Short-term responses and results

• Evacuation was carried out by the local government rapidly

• Abandonment of the capital city

• The British government gave money for compensation and redevelopment

• Unemployment rose due to the collapse of the tourist industry

Long-term responses and results

• An exclusion zone was set up in the volcanic region

• A volcanic observatory was built to monitor the volcano

• New roads and a new airport were built

• Services in the north of the island were expanded

• The presence of the volcano resulted in a growth in tourism

Montserrat’s population have had their lives completely changed. Jobs, schools and community activities have been disrupted. At one point 5,000 people were living in temporary shelters in the North, in some cases for over two years. The north of the island had few settlements of any size and found it difficult to cope with the influx from the South. Salem is now being repopulated and is being developed together with St Johns as new population centres. The following are some of the problems :

• Plymouth contained all the main services – hospitals, banks, schools, government and many private businesses.

• collapse of the tourist and rise-processing industries

• Unemployment has risen from 7% to 50%.

• Agriculture is at a standstill. • respiratory problems caused by ash.

• psychological problems and discontent with relocation package

• traffic congestion

• shortage of available lands

• 70% rise in rent for accommodation

• Skilled workers shortage as people left.

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A delta is an area of land that has been built up at the mouth of a river, where it flows into a quiet body of water, such as a lake or an ocean. The delta is formed when the river, which is moving swiftly and carrying sediment such as mud, slows down to enter the larger body of water.

A delta is a low-lying, almost flat landform, composed of sediments deposited where a river flows into a lake or an ocean. Deltas form when the volume of sediment deposited at a river mouth is greater than what waves, currents, and tides can erode. Deltas extend the coastline outward, forming new land along the shore. Deltas are wetlands formed when rivers discharge their silt and water into another body of water. The Nile delta features a characteristic delta structure as it flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The upper delta, which is impacted by the Nile's flow, is the landform's most inland component. The Mediterranean waves and tides have a stronger impact on the lower delta, which is vast and low-lying.

It takes a long time for a river delta to form. Rivers deposit mud, silt, sand, and gravel particles at the mouths where rivers and bigger, more sedentary bodies of water meet as they move toward their exits from higher altitudes. These particles (known as silt or alluvium) accumulate near the mouth over time, spreading into the ocean or lake.

As these regions continue to expand, the water gets shallower, and landforms begin to rise above the water's surface, often to slightly above sea level. When rivers deposit enough material to build these landforms or areas of elevated elevation, the remaining running water with the highest strength cuts across the ground, generating distributaries.

Once formed, deltas are typically made up of three parts: the upper delta plain, the lower delta plain, and the subaqueous delta.

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by cido

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Problems cause by under population

Country: Korea

1.     aging population  According to the definition of the United Nations, a country or region has entered an "aging society" when the number of people over 65 years old accounts for more than 7% of the total population, and a country or region becomes an "aging society" when the proportion exceeds 14%. South Korea has become one of the countries with the most serious aging problems in Asia. By the end of 2019, the number of people aged 65 or above in South Korea exceeded 8 million for the first time, accounting for 14.9 percent of the total population.

2.     The labor force has been decimated  Lack of labor force, there is not enough labor force will make the enterprises have to reduce production, then naturally will lead to the waste of resources

3.     The problem of insufficient military resources for national defense   South Korea requires male citizens between the ages of 20 and 28 to perform military service

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Three child population policy of China                                       04/06/21

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Three child population policy of China                                       04/06/21

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1. Type of policy?...........
2. Objective of policy?...........
3. Reasons why the policy was made?.....
4. Steps to be taken in the policy - measures, incentives and disincentives......
5. Opinion of common man and experts .........
6. Summary/Conclusion........

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Coasts and Rivers

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Country: Australia
As we all know, Australia is the country which has the large area with less people. So people don't have to pay much money for their house or food.
But there are disadvantages of Australia. First or all, there is a shortage of workers.The works that need people, the higher prices are. Not like in China, we have so many people, so the labour cheap. Secondly, there are fewer people to pay for the tax. As a result, the government will have less money to do the other things. Such as defense, government don't have money to buy or make products.
Thirdly, waste of resources. Opposite with China, the people in Australia are less, therefore some of resources has been wasted because of people are less.

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Delta refers to wetlands that form as rivers empty their water and sediment into another body of water.

It is characterized by the amount of materials carried by water and tide.

It formed step by step.

Firstly, A river moves more slowly as it nears its mouth, or end. This causes sediment, solid material carried downstream by currents, to fall to the river bottom.

Then, the slowing velocity of the river and the build-up of sediment allows the river to break from its single channel as it nears its mouth. Under the right conditions, a river forms a deltaic lobe. A mature deltaic lobe includes a distributary network—a series of smaller, shallower channels, called distributaries, that branch off from the mainstream of the river.

After all, in a deltaic lobe, heavier, coarser material settles first. Smaller, finer sediment is carried farther downstream. The finest material is deposited beyond the river's mouth. This material is called alluvium or silt.

As silt builds up, new land is formed. This is the delta.

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Problem caused by overpopulation Country: Singapore

Overpopulation means the condition of having a population so dense as to cause environmental deterioration, an impaired quality of life, or a population crash. When overpopulation happens, we can find under characteristic, the rising of house price, and lack of occupations, the decrease of living standard and the traffic problems like traffic jam.

Like the sample country I choose: Singapore, it’s overpopulation was caused by an aging population coupled with dwindling birth rates, escalating housing prices, overcrowding, and caving infrastructure are just some of the factors responsible for the rising dissent among Singaporeans.

Firstly, it cause the overcrowding in Singapore, At the time of independence, many Singaporeans lived in the Central Area in overcrowded shopshouses; and it was thought to have theworst slum in the worldand the average person per building density was 18.2 by 1947  about 550,000 people lived in  squalid squatter settlements by 1966. It then led to overcrowding that would overwhelm employment opportunities and social services in education, health and sanitation.

Beside it also cause serious traffic jam, according to the statistic, the percentage for vehicles to meat traffic jam in Singapore is 27%, and just at the time I’m writing this article, there is 14.1km traffic jam and 36 in total in Singapore. Despite the small territory it has which is only as large as Weihai city, it’s average traffic rate is higher than china, even china has 1.4 billion population.

Moreover, it will also cause high price of all kinds of object, it has almost highest object price in the whole Asian, you’ll have to spend 15 yuan to buy a white bread, but you can only spend 8 yuan to buy one in China.

Generally speaking, overpopulation will cause the over crowded city and traffic jam and also the high price object

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Population policy, Country: China

Population policy mostly refers to the policy carried out by government in order to control the growing, number of population. It is caused by under or over population in a county.

Population growth rate is the rate at which the number of individual at a population increases in a given period, expressed as a fraction of the initial population, like the country of China has the population growth rate of 0.4%.

About the population policy in China, firstly, since China has a large population about 1.4 billion, and at the time the one child policy was polished, china had no such a high economic level to sustain a huge country with millions of country, and during that period of time, the government more likely to promote economic instead of population. China then  carried out One-Child-Policy in 1979 in order to control the population.

Besides, China then push Two-Child-Policy out in 2015 and fully allowed two child at 2016. It’s because of the crises in birth rate and the population at that current time can’t provide enough cheap labors for country to compete with other countries since that china had no such high level technology.

Moreover, China started to polish three child policy in 2021. This is base on the ageing population in China, nowadays, Chinese composition of population has a large proportion of ageing population and they can’t provide enough working population, thus, China will like to allow three child policy.

Generally speaking, population policy is a policy which used to control population and and it can be flexible and suit to current situation.

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03/06/21

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Richard Allaway: Geographer, Teacher, Technology Integrationist and Resource Developer

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Age: 14-16 GCSE / IGCSE Geography - geographyalltheway.com

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Online Geography resources for teachers and students of KS3, GCSE / IGCSE, IB DP Geography and MYP Individuals and Societies.

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PeopleVolcano case study sentence starters

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Problem caused by under population; Country: Australia

Under-population is when a region or country has insufficient workers to exploit their resources efficiently, to support retired populations and to provide growth.

Though USA and Australia are not very different in size, Australia has fewer than 25 million people compared to 300 million people in USA,

In the country like Australia, under population will cause follow problems.

Firstly: Low level of Production and low value of exports – The Oil production is 4.82 billion barrels per day compared to 9.02 billion barrels per day. The value of exports is US$258.8 billion compared to US$1.564 trillion comparing to USA, Though USA and Australia are not very different in size, Australia has fewer than 25 million people compared to 300 million people in USA.

What’s more, it will also cause the shortage of workers, for the low birth rate and the high proportional of ageing population and retirement, the workers in Australia is quite a problem, and according to the statistic of Boston Consulting group, the shortage of workers will achieve 2.3 million in 2030.

Moreover, the inefficient usage of resources, the north territory of Australia is filled with rich resources, but for the shortage of workers, those resources can’t be developed and used in a efficient way or they may not be able to be used.

Lastly, is the high income acquired for native people. With the decreasing of working population, which was predicted that 43% of labor will retire in future 20 years, the workers with middle low wages was acquire with high tax payment, and the people with high wages is considering to migrate out for such a high tax acquirement.

Generally speaking, underpopulation will cause a dead circulation of a country form higher tax payment to the migration of high wage population, and the population will be lesser and lesser.

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Thanks a lot to the following students who have posted some work. 

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Thanks a lot to the following students who have posted some work. 

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1. Vebe
2. Michael
3. Raymond
4. Cido
5. April
6. Momo
7. Chelsea
8. Murphy
9. Shekina

Other students have incomplete or no work posted here. Please complete your work.

Thanks a lot.

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overpopulation case study:
Country: Bangladesh

Bangladesh, to the east of India on the Bay of Bengal, is a South Asian country. It is a relatively small and resource-poor country with the land area of 147000km^2. However, the country has the 8th largest population in the world which means Bangladesh has high population density.

There are many problems brought by overpopulation in Bangladesh. Firstly, the lack of natural resources is a major factor in overpopulation in Bangladesh, as the population of its country has a rapid growth rate.

Secondly, high population pressure and the deprivation associated with it is characteristics of both urban and rural areas. 4/5 of the population in Bangladesh live in rural areas, the overpopulation cause starvation and poverty.

Thirdly, since the resources are finite, the country’s resources cannot feed the population. As a result, it causes a large number of social conflicts in Bangladesh. Dhaka in Bangladesh has become one of the most crowded city in the world with a population of 43000 per km^2.

Fourthly, living conditions are bad because of overpopulation, many people lack basic amenities such as electricity and clean drinking water. Most families have to survive in small and scattered settlements.

Last but not the least, because of overpopulation, there are not enough education and job opportunities for the large population which cause a high unemployment rate and a high crime rate.

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Population policy:

The pro-natality policy in France

A pro-natality policy is a population policy which aims to encourage more births through the use of incentives. The pro-natality policy which is called “Code de la famille” is a policy passed by the government in order to encourage more births in France. It is a complex piece of pro natalist legislation.

France, officially called the republic of France, is a country in western Europe. The country also has several oversea territories and islands around the world, but the mainland of France stretches north to south from the North Sea and the English Channel to Mediterranean Sea and from Rhine River to Atlantic Ocean.

Since 1939 the French government passes the “Code de la famille”. French government promotes the pro-natality policy because the decline in fertility and the increase in life length has raised three concerns which are: A decrease in the supply of labour, the socioeconomic implications of population ageing and the long term prospect of population decline and demise.

The pro natalist methods in the policy includes offering cash incentives to mothers who stayed at home to care for children, subsidising holidays for families which have kids and also ban the sale of contraceptives (repealed in 1967).

The policies that were put in place to encourage three-children families were:

• A cash incentive of £675 monthly (nearly the minimum wage) for a mother to stay off work for one year following the birth of her third child.

• The 'carte famille numbers' (large family card), giving large reductions on train fares which help with household expend for large families.

• Income tax based on the more children the less tax to pay.

• There will be a three-year paid parental leave, which can be used by mothers or fathers.

• Government-subsidised daycare for children under the age of three, and full time school places for over threes paid for by the government.

Through this policy, France has been successful in increasing its fertility rate. At 2.08 is one of the highest fertility rate in Europe. This will benefit France in future by halting the decline in population. As the children born now reach to adulthood, they will be able to provide a workforce to support the French economy. They will also pay taxes that will help to provide the services needed to support the increasing number of elderly people. There will be less need to rely on immigration in order to fill jobs.

The more babies born the more absence in women in works. Women from low-income households often stop working when they have a child, with unanticipated consequences for their future careers. It might somehow effect the working population and employment rate.

The increase in babies being born does create demand for some services. Hence, there will be a shortage in high quality nannies to look after young children as mothers seek to return to work.

A rapid increase in housing costs since the mid-1980s, borne especially by large families, is a growing concern that has so far not been addressed comprehensively, despite the introduction of a family-based housing benefit.