# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
national center for biotechnology information

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
PubMed® comprises more than 36 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
ACCESSSS
Smart Search
Best evidence for health care

Welcome to ACCESSSS from McMaster PLUS™, the home of Evidence-Based Medicine.

ACCESSSS provides "one-stop" access to pre-appraised evidence to address this key question: what is the current best evidence available to support clinical decisions?

Learn more »

Access the content professionals trust, for free. REGISTER TODAY

Hit Parade: See what others are reading

These articles are the most often read articles in all Disciplines, in the past 30 days

Discipline List

Emergency Medicine

Family Medicine (FM)/General Practice (GP)

FM/GP/Anesthesia

FM/GP/Obstetrics

FM/GP/Mental Health

Occupational and Environmental Health

Public Health

General Internal Medicine-Primary Care(US)

Hospital Doctor/Hospitalists

Internal Medicine (or see subspecialties below)

Allergy and Immunology

Cardiology

Dermatology

Endocrine

Gastroenterology

Genetics

Geriatrics

Hematology

Hemostasis and Thrombosis

Infectious Disease

Tropical and Travel Medicine

Intensivist/Critical Care

Nephrology

Neurology

Oncology - General

Oncology - Breast

Oncology - Gastrointestinal

Oncology - Gynecology

Oncology - Hematology

Oncology - Lung

Oncology - Palliative and Supportive Care

Oncology - Pediatric

Oncology - Genitourinary

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Respirology/Pulmonology

Rheumatology

Gynecology

Obstetrics

Pediatrics (General)

Pediatric Hospital Medicine

Pediatric Neonatology

Pediatric Emergency Medicine

Psychiatry

Anesthesiology

Surgery - General

Surgery - Cardiac

Surgery - Colorectal

Surgery - Ear Nose Throat

Surgery - Gastrointestinal

Surgery - Head and Neck

Surgery - Neurosurgery

Surgery - Oncology

Surgery - Ophthalmology

Surgery - Plastic

Surgery - Orthopaedics

Surgery - Thoracic

Surgery - Urology

Surgery - Vascular

Special Interest - Obesity -- Physician

Special Interest - Obesity -- Surgeon

Special Interest - Pain -- Physician

Lancet. 2022 May 14;399(10338):1876-1885. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00122-2. Epub 2022 May 4.
(Original)

JAMA. 2022 Apr 26;327(16):1577-1584. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.4983.
(Review)

Am J Cardiol. 2022 May 9. pii: S0002-9149(22)00402-7. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.03.050.
(Original)

Circulation. 2022 May 10;145(19):1460-1470. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057736. Epub 2022 Apr 8.
(Original)

BMJ. 2022 May 4;377:e069116. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2021-069116.
(Review)

Clin J Pain. 2022 Feb 28;38(5):343-350. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000001028.
(Original)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
ACCESSSS Smart Search Best evidence for health care

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Combines the best of Evidence-Based Health Care, information technologies and a network of experts to provide a unique tool for people making decisions concerning clinical or health-policy questions.

Epistemonikos database in a nutshell

One-stop shop

All of the evidence relevant for health decision-making, including world's largest systematic review database, curated and annotated by our network of collaborators.

Interconnected evidence

Articles are connected, so you can easily move from any article to all the evidence answering the same question. You can see the forest, not only the trees!

Powerful search engine

Find what you are looking for using our multilingual foolproof search tools. Searching for the best available evidence has never been easier!

Testimonials

Epistemonikos is an important new innovation in the world of accessing evidence

Epistemonikos has become one of the largest databases of health evidence, a user friendly source that includes over 100,000 systematic reviews and hundreds of thousands of individual studies. Apart from the amount of information, Epistemonikos is unique in a number of ways. First, it caters to non-English speaking users - you can conduct your search in any of 9 languages. Second, a "matrix of evidence" tool facilitates quick searching and updating. The tool identifies all systematic reviews that address a particular question, and all the studies included in those reviews, displaying a cross-tabulation of reviews and studies. It also allows you to stay up to date: after you save your search, any new review will appear automatically.

Gordon Guyatt Distinguished University Professor at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario. Pioneer in evidence-based medicine, coined the term "evidence-based medicine" in 1990.

As far as I am aware, Epistemonikos is the first, systematic, machine-assisted attempt to identify and address duplication and waste in preparing systematic reviews.

Iain Chalmers Founder of the Cochrane Collaboration 1st Cochrane lecture, 20th Cochrane Colloquium

Epistemonikos has quickly become an essential tool for anyone interested in using evidence to inform healthcare decisions

With over 100,000 systematic reviews plus the studies included in those reviews plus overviews of reviews, Epistemonikos is not only the world's largest database of systematic reviews, it is one of the easiest to use. In addition to making it easy to quickly find them, it makes it easy to compare systematic reviews. Epistemonikos has quickly become an essential tool for anyone interested in using evidence to inform healthcare decisions. It also is a unique platform for creating specialised databases, such as PDQ-Evidence, a database of systematic reviews that provides quick access to the best evidence for informing decisions about health systems.

Andy Oxman Research Director, Global Health Unit, Norwegian Institute of Public Health

Epistemonikos is innovative both in simultaneously searching multiple resources and in indexing and interlinking relevant evidence...

...for example, Epistemonikos connects systematic reviews and their included studies, and thus allows clustering of systematic reviews based on the primary studies they have in common. Epistemonikos is also unique in offering an appreciable multilingual user interface, multilingual search, and translation of abstracts in more than 9 languages.

Users' Guides to the Medical Literature

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Epistemonikos: Database of the best Evidence-Based Health Care

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Combines the best of Evidence-Based Health Care and information technologies to provide a unique tool for people making decisions concerning clinical or health-policy questions

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Evidence-based answers for health professionals | Searching sources such as systematic reviews, clinical guidelines and RCTs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Europe PMC requires Javascript to function effectively.

Either your web browser doesn't support Javascript or it is currently turned off. In the latter case, please turn on Javascript support in your web browser and reload this page.

Innovative features

Intuitive and powerful search tools, linked resources and author services help you stay on top of the cutting edge of science. To learn more, see Why use Europe PMC.

Comprehensive search

Search life sciences literature from trusted sources around the globe, all in one search, accessible by anyone anywhere, for free. Learn more About Europe PMC.

This website requires cookies, and the limited processing of your personal data in order to function. By using the site you are agreeing to this as outlined in our privacy notice and cookie policy.

Learn more about Europe PMC

Contribute to the
future of Europe PMC.
Take part in our user
survey!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Europe PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Mobile Apps - Merck Manual Professional Edition

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Put an herb database in the palm of your hand
Download HerbList™ - NCCIH's app for research-based information about the safety and effectiveness of herbal products.

Download the HerbList app today.

The herb info you need in an on-the-go package
HerbList gives you fast, free access to science-based summaries on more than 50 popular herbs, such as aloe, chamomile, ginger, and turmeric. Features include:

Information on the herbs' common names, history, and uses, plus what the science says about their effectiveness for health purposes

Easy-to-find facts on potential safety problems, side effects, and herb-drug interactions

A quick way to select your favorites, so that you can talk about them later with your doctor or pharmacist

The option to work offline! No Internet connection is required for in-app navigation.

Find out what the science says about popular herbs
Shopping for herbal products? Take your herb database with you to the supermarket or drugstore. With HerbList on your phone or tablet, you'll have information on the science and safety of popular herbs at your fingertips when you need it most.

Get the facts about herbs from a trusted source-the National Institutes of Health. Download HerbList to your phone or tablet.

HerbList is a mark of the US Department of Health and Human Services.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Put an herb database in the palm of your hand Download HerbList™ - NCCIH's app for research-based information about the safety and effectiveness of herbal products. Download the HerbList app today. The herb info you need in an on-the-go package HerbList gives you fast, free access to science-based summaries on more than 50 popular herbs, such as aloe, chamomile, ginger, and turmeric.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The Prevention TaskForce (formerly ePSS) application assists primary care clinicians to identify the screening, counseling, and preventive medication services that are appropriate for their patients.

The Prevention TaskForce data is based on the current recommendations of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) and can be searched by specific patient characteristics, such as age, sex/gender, and selected behavioral risk factors.

When using this tool please read the specific recommendation to determine if the preventive service is appropriate for your patient. This tool is not meant to replace clinical judgment and individualized patient care.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
U.S. Preventive Services | Prevention TaskForce

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Prevention TaskForce (formerly ePSS) application assists primary care clinicians to identify the screening, counseling, and preventive medication services that are appropriate for their patients. The Prevention TaskForce data is based on the current recommendations of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) and can be searched by specific patient characteristics, such as age, sex/gender, and selected behavioral risk factors.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
About Herbs app

Memorial Sloan Kettering's About Herbs app is presented by our Integrative Medicine Service. It is compatible with iPad ®, iPhone ®, and iPod Touch ® devices. A web app version for all other mobile devices is also available.

In this app, our Integrative Medicine Service - under the leadership of a pharmacist and botanicals expert - provides comprehensive, objective information about herbs, botanicals, supplements, complementary therapies, and more.

Key features:

More than 200 monographs describing the structure, purported uses, adverse effects, and drug interactions of various herbs, botanicals, supplements, complementary therapies, and more

Objective information backed by scientific references

Two different versions of each monograph: one written for healthcare professionals and one for consumers

Search by product or service name, or by medical condition

Save favorites and explore featured products and services

Frequent updates with new and updated monographs

Access content offline after the app has been downloaded, with no Internet connection needed (not available in web app version)

Original artist renderings of each product and service

Share content by emailing the link for a monograph on our About Herbs webpages

Download the Memorial Sloan Kettering About Herbs app from the App Store SM or access the web app version.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Memorial Sloan Kettering's About Herbs app is presented by our Integrative Medicine Service. It is compatible with iPad ®, iPhone ®, and iPod Touch ® devices. A web app version for all other mobile devices is also available.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
These articles are the most often read articles in all specialties, in the past 30 days.

Lancet. 2022 May 14;399(10338):1876-1885. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00122-2. Epub 2022 May 4.
(Original study)

JAMA. 2022 Apr 26;327(16):1577-1584. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.4983.
(Evidence-based guideline)

Gut. 2022 Apr 28. pii: gutjnl-2021-325821. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325821.
(Original study)

Circulation. 2022 May 10;145(19):1460-1470. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057736. Epub 2022 Apr 8.
(Original study)

J Thromb Haemost. 2022 Apr 10. doi: 10.1111/jth.15725.
(Original study)

Am J Cardiol. 2022 May 9. pii: S0002-9149(22)00402-7. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.03.050.
(Original study)

BMJ. 2022 May 4;377:e069116. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2021-069116.
(Systematic review)

Diabetes Care. 2022 Jun 2;45(6):1445-1452. doi: 10.2337/dc21-2034.
(Original study)

Clin J Pain. 2022 Feb 28;38(5):343-350. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000001028.
(Original study)

JAMA Intern Med. 2022 Apr 25. pii: 2791663. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.1262.
(Systematic review)

Lancet Respir Med. 2022 May 23. pii: S2213-2600(22)00088-1. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00088-1.
(Original study)

Phys Ther. 2022 May 5;102(5). pii: 6506309. doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzac001.
(Systematic review)

Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 May 6;5:CD012705. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012705.pub2.
(Systematic review)

N Engl J Med. 2022 Jun 2;386(22):2071-2083. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2203163. Epub 2022 May 15.
(Original study)

Am J Cardiol. 2022 Jul 1;174:89-95. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.03.022. Epub 2022 May 2.
(Systematic review)

Age Ageing. 2022 May 1;51(5). pii: 6581610. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afac104.
(Systematic review)

BMJ. 2022 May 30;377:e069719. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2021-069719.
(Systematic review)

JAMA. 2022 May 15. pii: 2792506. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.7993.
(Original study)

JAMA Netw Open. 2022 May 2;5(5):e2212939. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.12939.
(Systematic review)

Thromb Res. 2022 Jun;214:47-52. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.04.007. Epub 2022 Apr 14.
(Original study)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
These articles are the most often read articles in all specialties, in the past 30 days.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Search

Clinical Search

Limit search to:

Human subjects

Full Text

Free Full Text

English

Pub type: Date:

Category:

Therapy

Diagnosis

Etiology

Prognosis

Clinical Prediction Guides

Emphasis:

Precision

Completeness

Limit search to:

English

Full Text

Free Full Text

Prime Access on Mobile Devices

The Prime PubMed app from Unbound Medicine is the best way to search, organize, and share information about medical literature directly on your smartphone, tablet, and the web.

Browse Prime

Top Recent

Top 100

Coronavirus COVID-19

Diseases and Conditions

Medical Specialties

Differential Diagnosis

Drugs and Medications

Journals

Medical News

Prime contains citations to millions of medical journal articles from the complete PubMed database.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
PRIME PubMed | Free PubMed Journal Article Search

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
PRIME PubMed from Unbound Medicine is the best way to search, organize, and share PubMed articles on your smartphone, tablet, and web. Download PRIME PubMed Apps for iPhone, iPad, or Android

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Get the knowledge you need now to support your clinical decisions.

Access the most current medical information quickly and easily, so you can stay focused on what matters most-your patients.

Download now-it's free.

Consult the gold standard of current, accurate prescription data*

Get epocrates+ today

Unlock additional premium content including:

The clinician's indispensable multi-tool

With valuable features including drug information, interaction check, pill identification, clinical practice guidelines, and formulary, epocrates is essential to the busy provider. See what's included with epocrates - and why many providers use the app up to 10 times a day.

Meet the experts behind epocrates

Our Medical Information team of dedicated pharmacists, physicians, and associates creates the essential clinical content for epocrates. Our team strives to provide information that is objective, accurate, current, concise, and clinically relevant.

Learn how we develop our drug content

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Point of care medical application | Epocrates

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Get the knowledge you need now to support your clinical decisions. Access the most current medical information quickly and easily, so you can stay focused on what matters most-your patients. Consult the gold standard of current, accurate prescription data* Unlock additional premium content including: With valuable features including drug information, interaction check, pill identification, clinical practice guidelines, and formulary, epocrates is essential to the busy provider.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Just need to create a quick bibliography?

Zotero is a free, easy-to-use tool to help you collect, organize, annotate, cite, and share research.
Download
Available for Mac, Windows, Linux, and iOS

Just need to create a quick bibliography? Try ZoteroBib.

Collect with a click.

Zotero automatically senses research as you browse the web. Need an article from JSTOR or a preprint from arXiv.org? A news story from the New York Times or a book from a library? Zotero has you covered, everywhere.

Organize your way.

Zotero helps you organize your research any way you want. You can sort items into collections and tag them with keywords. Or create saved searches that automatically fill with relevant materials as you work.

Cite in style.

Zotero instantly creates references and bibliographies for any text editor, and directly inside Word, LibreOffice, and Google Docs. With support for over 10,000 citation styles, you can format your work to match any style guide or publication.

Stay in sync.

Zotero can optionally synchronize your data across devices, keeping your files, notes, and bibliographic records seamlessly up to date. If you decide to sync, you can also always access your research from any web browser.

Collaborate freely.

Zotero lets you co-write a paper with a colleague, distribute course materials to students, or build a collaborative bibliography. You can share a Zotero library with as many people you like, at no cost.

Rest easy.

Zotero is open source and developed by an independent, nonprofit organization that has no financial interest in your private information. With Zotero, you always stay in control of your own data.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Zotero | Your personal research assistant

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Zotero is a free, easy-to-use tool to help you collect, organize, cite, and share research.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Skip to Main Content

It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.

Participant Access

Federated Search Engines

Success Through 6 'S'

An understanding of the 6 'S' Hierarchy of Evidence is the foundation for efficient and effective retrieval of evidence-based research relating to clinical practice.

The resources on this page will help you find evidence for the speicifc level of the hierarchy you are interested in.

For more search tips, check out the Health Sceinces Library's Database Fundamentals Tutorial.

[Adapted from DiCenso, Bayley and Haynes (2009). ACP Journal Club. Editorial: Accessing pre-appraised evidence: Fine-tuning the 5S model into a 6S model. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151(6):JC3-2, JC3-3.]

Systems

Integrating information from the lower levels of the hiearchy with individual patient records, systems represent the ideal source of evidence for clinical decision-making.

Summaries are regularly updated clinical guidelines or textbooks that integrate evidence-based information about specific clinical problems.

Synopsis of Syntheses

Synopses of syntheses, summarize and critically appraise the information found in systematic reviews. By drawing conclusions from evidence at lower levels of the pyramid, these synopses often provide sufficient information to support clinical action.

Syntheses

Commonly referred to as a systematic review, a synthesis is a comprehensive summary of all the evidence surrounding a specific research question.

Additional reviews can be found in PubMed/Mediline, EMBASE, and CINAHL

Synopsis of Single Studies

Synopses of single studies summarize evidence from high-quality studies, including some level of critical appraisal.

Evidence-Based Abstract Journals

Studies

Databases

Studies represent unique research conducted to answer specific clincial questions.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Guides: Evidence-Based Clinical Practice: Finding Evidence

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Skip to Main Content It looks like you're using Internet Explorer 11 or older. This website works best with modern browsers such as the latest versions of Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge. If you continue with this browser, you may see unexpected results.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
9.5 MILLION articles are archived in PMC.

Content provided in part by:

2849

Full Participation Journals

Journals deposit the complete contents of each issue or volume.

300

NIH Portfolio Journals

Journals deposit all NIH-funded articles as defined by the NIH Public Access Policy.

43

Selective Deposit Programs

Publisher deposits a subset of articles from a collection of journals.

New in PMC

Aug. 30, 2023

Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) collaborated with publishers and scholarly soci...

May 3, 2023

The National Library of Medicine (NLM) recently renamed the COVID-19 and Mpox Public Health Emergency Initiatives as t...

highlights

Second Phase of the NIH Preprint Pilot Launched

The second phase launched in January 2023 and expands the scope of the Pilot to include preprints resulting from all NIH-funded research.

Read More

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Content provided in part by: Journals deposit the complete contents of each issue or volume. Journals deposit all NIH-funded articles as defined by the NIH Public Access Policy. Publisher deposits a subset of articles from a collection of journals. New in PMC Aug.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Our patients need better mental healthcare, and we need help getting it to them

Cardiology

Implications for infant follow-up programs, primary care clinicians, and cardiologists

Case Studies

Watch out for atypical presentations, clinicians warn

Courtney Stephenson, DO, whose young daughter was seriously ill, sues Atrium Health

Causal relation appears possible, but evidence still indicates it's extremely rare

Vaccines are free in the U.S., but bad actors are trying to convince you otherwise

You passed medical training, now see if you can pass our weekly quiz

Europe is struggling with another COVID surge, and CDC Director Rochelle Walensky said she was "scared" that the U.S. is about to follow suit, even as vaccinations accelerate

Medpagetoday.com surveys are polls of those who choose to participate and are, therefore, not valid statistical samples, but rather a snapshot of what your colleagues are thinking.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Medical News and Free Online CME | MedPage Today

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Our patients need better mental healthcare, and we need help getting it to them Cardiology Implications for infant follow-up programs, primary care clinicians, and cardiologists Case Studies Watch out for atypical presentations, clinicians warn Courtney Stephenson, DO, whose young daughter was seriously ill, sues Atrium Health Causal relation appears possible,

# data[].attributes.body
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
Note: Get to PubMed from your library's link so you have link out to your institution's holdings!
In PubMed, run your search, then:
1. Use the left-hand filters, and select Additional filters
2. In additional filters, you'll default to Article Type. Select Practice Guideline > Show
3. *** Your filter is not yet applied. Practice Guideline will now display in the left-hand filters. Check the box next to Practice Guideline!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
CASP - Critical Appraisal Skills Programme

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
CASP Checklists - Critical Appraisal Skills Programme

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
View or download our range of critical appraisal tools & checklists for free including our RCT, qualitative and quantitative checklists.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
After we have searched for the evidence, We need to decide if it is both valid and important before deciding if we can apply the evidence to our individual patients.

The order in which we consider validity and importance depends on individual preference.

Example scenarios

Note: This tool was created for your own personal use and testing purposes. Medical decisions should NOT be based solely on the results of this program. Although this program has been tested thoroughly, we are not responsible for any damages or loss of information. Please use at your own risk.

Downloads:

There are different worksheets available. Click on the title to access the Microsoft word (.doc) versions of the worksheets:

To access the online logbook, you must log in:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
After we have searched for the evidence, We need to decide if it is both valid and important before deciding if we can apply the evidence to our individual patients. The order in which we consider validity and importance depends on individual preference. Note: This tool was created for your own personal use and testing purposes.

# data[].attributes.headline
EBP Checklists from University of Glasgow

# data[].attributes.subject
EBP Checklists from University of Glasgow

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Necessary cookies

Necessary cookies enable core functionality. The website cannot function properly without these cookies, and can only be disabled by changing your browser preferences.

Analytics cookies

Analytical cookies help us improve our website. We use Google Analytics. All data is anonymised.

Hotjar

Hotjar helps us to understand and improve our users' behaviour by visually representing their clicks, taps and scrolling. All data is anonymised.

Marketing cookies

Marketing cookies are used to ensure our marketing content is relevant, timely and interest based. They allow our approved partner to measure effectiveness and serve appropriate and personalised marketing messages on other websites based on your activity on glasgow.ac.uk
Privacy policy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Necessary cookies enable core functionality. The website cannot function properly without these cookies, and can only be disabled by changing your browser preferences. Analytical cookies help us improve our website. We use Google Analytics. All data is anonymised. Hotjar helps us to understand and improve our users' behaviour by visually representing their clicks, taps and scrolling.