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Chromatic aberration (also known as “purple fringing” or “color fringing”) is the resultant imperfection when a lens fails to focus all wavelengths of color to the same spot on the focal plane, focusing them to different positions instead.

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the obtaining of posterlike reproductions having solid tones or colors and little detail from photographs or other continuous-tone originals by means of separation negatives.

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Patterns causing your image to glitch? That's a moiré problem. Sometimes called moiré or a glitch, aliasing is a phenomenon where a digital camera has trouble translating an intricate pattern. Aliasing can result in a number of odd visual artifacts in photos or videos.

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JPEG artifacts are caused by compression when an image is saved in the . jpg format. Each time an image is saved in this format it is compressed and “non-essential” data is discarded. The result of compression is that an image can suffer from blockiness, mosquito noise (around edges) and color degradation.

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Barrel distortion describes a type of distortion wherein lines that are straight in real life appear to curve inwards (like the walls of a barrel). A good way to check for barrel distortion is to look for parallel lines in the area you are shooting and see if the lines appear parallel in your image.

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distortion (as by an optical instrument or television receiver) in which the image of a straight line appears to be curved convexly toward the axis — compare barrel distortion.

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APS C is an adopted term for the image sensor format approximately the size of the now-defunct Advanced Photo System film negative classic, of 25.1×16.7 mm, with an aspect ratio of 3:2. APS C sensors are cropped sensors that are generally cheaper and easier to travel with than their full frame counterparts.

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A full-frame sensor is most simply deﬁned by its sheer size – 36mm by 24mm – and the distinctive look it makes possible. Compared to a Super 35mm sensor, a full-frame sensor has over twice the surface area while providing a wider angle of view and shallower depth of ﬁeld.

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The camera's image sensor is responsible for converting the light and color spectrum into electrical signals for the camera to convert into zeros and ones.

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“Crop factor” is the ratio of the sensor size to 35mm / full-frame (see below). You take the provided crop factor number, multiply it with the focal length of the lens and you get the equivalent focal length relative to 35mm film / full-frame.

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Byte (Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte)

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Byte (Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte)

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1 Byte = 8 bits. 1 KiloByte = 1024 bytes. 1 MegaByte = 1024 kB. 1 gigaByte = 1024 mb. 1 teraByte = 1024 gb

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Cubism was a revolutionary new approach to representing reality invented in around 1907–08 by artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. They brought different views of subjects (usually objects or figures) together in the same picture, resulting in paintings that appear fragmented and abstracted.

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By stripping a photo down to the bare essentials, minimalist photographers show how powerful simplicity can be. There's no clutter to distract viewers from the main subject. They see exactly what the photographer wants them to see.

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Pop art is an art movement that emerged in the United Kingdom and the United States during the mid- to late-1950s. The movement presented a challenge to traditions of fine art by including imagery from popular and mass culture, such as advertising, comic books and mundane mass-produced objects.

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The avant-garde is a person or work that is experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society. It is frequently characterized by aesthetic innovation and initial unacceptability.

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“Surreal images tend to be dreamlike and tap into people's unconscious,” says Tryforos. “They're often made of different elements that are put together in unexpected ways.” Surreal images almost always contain recognizable elements from real life — human figures, clocks, apples — arranged in strange ways.

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Appropriation in art is the use of pre-existing objects or images with little or no transformation applied to them. The use of appropriation has played a significant role in the history of the arts.

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Double exposure photography is a technique that layers two different exposures on a single image, combining two photographs into one. Double exposure creates a surreal feeling for your photos and the two photographs can work together to convey deep meaning or symbolism.

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Still life photography is a genre of photography used for the depiction of inanimate subject matter, typically a small group of objects. Similar to still life painting, it is the application of photography to the still life artistic style.

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Commercial photography is a genre that encompasses any photos used for a business or publication. “It's photography that helps sell things,” says photographer Andrew Bennett.

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Aerial photography is the taking of photographs from an aircraft or other airborne platforms. When taking motion pictures, it is also known as aerial videography.

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A histogram is a graph that measures the brightness of an image by representing the frequency of each tone as a value on a bar chart. The horizontal axis moves from pure black on the left side of the histogram, through shadows, midtones, and highlights all the way to the brightest white on the right side.

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Anti-art is a loosely used term applied to an array of concepts and attitudes that reject prior definitions of art and question art in general. Somewhat paradoxically, anti-art tends to conduct this questioning and rejection from the vantage point of art.

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Assemblage is an artistic form or medium usually created on a defined substrate that consists of three-dimensional elements projecting out of or from the substrate. It is similar to collage, a two-dimensional medium.

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What is a neutral density filter? Neutral Density (ND) filters reduce the intensity of all wavelengths, or colors, of light equally from entering the camera, in measured amounts. This allows the photographer more control in selecting shutter speed and aperture combinations in a variety of conditions.

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Cross Processing is intentionally processing film in the wrong chemicals, creating interesting and unpredictable color shifts and increased contrast. For example, cross processing would be shooting a roll of color slide film or E6 and developing it as if it were color negative film or C41 (or visa versa).

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The “honeycomb Grid” is a simple device to direct the light in a tight beam. It is an example of a range of grids used in front of lights to harden the light source and prevent the light from spreading out into a wider, more diffused beam.

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A beauty dish is a photographic lighting device that uses a parabolic reflector to distribute light towards a focal point. The light created is between that of a direct flash and a softbox, giving the image a wrapped, contrasted look, which adds a more dramatic effect.

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In photography, a snoot is a tube or similar object that fits over a studio light or portable flash and allows the photographer to control the direction and radius of the light beam. These may be conical, cylindrical, or rectangular in shape. Snoots can isolate a subject when using a flash

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A softbox is a light modifier that confines light from an artificial source into a wire framed box and releases it through a layer of diffusion. Softboxes are commonly used in photography as a soft source of light that minimizes harsh shadows.

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A monolight is used to illuminate a large scene, be it a studio, a venue, an arena, or any setting in between. You can use a monolight to add to the natural light in an outdoor scene as well.

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Also known as an "eye light," it's the highlight reflected off the surface of the eye. Catchlights can be any size, or shape, and the way they come out depends greatly on how the photographer captures the light. It's common to use reflectors to bounce light into the eyes.

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To access this tool, select Enhance > Adjust Color > Adjust Color Curves. You can then click and drag the sliders to adjust the curve.

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Levels is a tool in Photoshop and other image editing programs which can move and stretch the brightness levels of an image histogram. It has the power to adjust brightness, contrast, and tonal range by specifying the location of complete black, complete white, and midtones in a histogram.

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A ring light is a simple lighting tool that is commonly used for beauty shots, portraits, and macro photography. It features a number of small bulbs forming a circle or just one circular fluorescent bulb. When used in photography, it creates an attractive catch light on a subject's eyes.

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The tilt effect alters the focal plane of the image, but the shift effect alters an image's perspective. With the Shift knob, you can move the lens up and down or side to side on the body of the camera. As the lens moves, the image plane moves too, so that the sensor records different areas of the total image.

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SOOC is an abbreviation of the photography term “Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing.

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Ambrotypes, depending on condition and subject matter, command several hundreds of dollars to several thousands of dollars in the current trading market. Patented in 1856, another type of early photograph is the durable tintypes or ferrotypes.

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A Polaroid transfer, sometimes known as an image transfer, is a technique used to develop a peel-apart film picture on to a different material, like drawing paper. In a Polaroid transfer, the image is peeled apart prematurely and the negative is placed down on a desired material.

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The photogravure is an intaglio print process that was sometimes used to produce high-quality reproductions of photographs in ink. A positive transparency of a photographic image is used to control the etching of a specially prepared metal plate.

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First off you need to measure 25g of Ferric Ammonium Citrate and add water to bring it up to 100 ml. Next, you measure 10g of Potassium Ferricyanide and mix that with water to make up to 100ml. Make sure both the chemicals are fully dissolved. Finally, under subdued light, mix the two solutions together.

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Chlorophyll printing is an alternative photographic process where photographic images are developed on natural leaves through the action of photosynthesis. This organic technique does not use chemicals since the photographs are exposed directly to the sunlight on plants or trees leaves.

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What is split lighting? Split lighting is a lighting technique that lights up half of a subject's face while leaving the other half in a shadow, essentially “splitting” the face. This splitting effect is achieved by a light source that is perpendicular to the subject illuminating directly from one specific side

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Rembrandt light is characterized by the little triangle of light that appears on the cheek below the eye on the side of the face opposite the main light source. This is the result of the nose casting a shadow across the face that connects with the shadow of the cheek, lip, and jaw.

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Loop lighting is a lighting pattern that creates a circular shadow on the subject's face just under the nose. You can achieve this by placing the key light 45 degrees to the side of the subject and raising it just above their eye line.

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Butterfly lighting is a lighting pattern used in portrait photography where the key light is placed above and pointing down on the subject's face. This creates a dramatic shadow under the nose and chin that looks like a butterfly.

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Broad lighting is a type of lighting setup where the area of a subject's face that is facing the camera is lit more brightly. The term “broad lighting” comes from lighting the broad side of a subject's face. It is also on of the typical photography lighting setups for shooting portraits.

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Short lighting is a lighting technique used primarily in portrait photography in which the far side of a subject's face is lit relative to the camera. This leaves the near side of the face darker or entirely shadowed.

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A tintype, also known as a melainotype or ferrotype, is a photograph made by creating a direct positive on a thin sheet of metal coated with a dark lacquer or enamel and used as the support for the photographic emulsion

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A static shot in film is a shot that is devoid of camera movement. Also known as a locked-off shot, or an immobile shot. The frame can be filled with the movement of vehicles, characters, props, weather, etc, but the frame itself does not move in a static shot.

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The visual weight in an image is defined as the visual force that appears due to the contrast of light among the visual elements that compound it. The visual weight is a visual force which prevails in the image balance

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Rendering or image synthesis is the process of generating a photorealistic or non-photorealistic image from a 2D or 3D model by means of a computer program. The resulting image is referred to as the render.

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Linear Perspective - By using either 1 point perspective, 2 point perspective, or 3 point perspective, an artist can create the illusion of space. Linear perspective is a drawing method that uses lines to draw objects in space.

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Linear Perspective - By using either 1 point perspective, 2 point perspective, or 3 point perspective, an artist can create the illusion of space. Linear perspective is a drawing method that uses lines to draw objects in space.

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Scanography, also spelled Scannography and referred to as Scanner Art or Scanner Photography is the name for a process to create digital images using a flatbed scanner in a way the manufacturer hasn't initially planned. - a process of creating art with the scanner.

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A photographic typology is a single photograph or more commonly a body of photographic work, that shares a high level of consistency. This consistency is usually found within the subjects, environment, photographic process, and presentation or direction of the subject.

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"New Topographics: Photographs of a Man-Altered Landscape" was a groundbreaking exhibition of contemporary landscape photography held at the George Eastman House's International Museum of Photography from October 1975 to February 1976.

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Solargraphy is the art of pinhole photography and a part of Space Art, too. Solarigraphics or solargraphs are pinhole photographs taken with a lensless pinhole camera with a long exposure. By doing so the invisible movements of the Sun can be made visible in landscapes.

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In photography, Kelvin represents the temperature of light directly correlated with the color of the burning carbon at that temperature. When you “shoot in Kelvin”, you are manually adjusting the camera's white balance to match that of the Kelvin temperature in the room.

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Subtractive lighting simply involves the blocking of unwanted natural light to create a natural three-dimensional quality to the lighting of people outside. The tools used to block unwanted light are called gobos or flags.

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Lighting ratio in photography refers to the comparison of key light (the main source of light from which shadows fall) to the fill light (the light that fills in the shadow areas). The higher the lighting ratio, the higher the contrast of the image; the lower the ratio, the lower the contrast.

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In color management, an ICC profile is a set of data that characterizes a color input or output device, or a color space, according to standards promulgated by the International Color Consortium.

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Flat light occurs due to the image being very evenly lit and id different to soft light versus hard light which is the transition of light from highlight to shadow. Overcast days create flat lighting and so does direct flash and is often used in beauty shots and also some documentary photographers.

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vortograph, the first completely abstract kind of photograph, composed of kaleidoscopic repetitions of forms achieved by photographing objects through a triangular arrangement of three mirrors.

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Scanography, also spelled Scannography and referred to as Scanner Art or Scanner Photography is the name for a process to create digital images using a flatbed scanner in a way the manufacturer hasn't initially planned. - a process of creating art with the scanner.

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A photographic typology is a single photograph or more commonly a body of photographic work, that shares a high level of consistency. This consistency is usually found within the subjects, environment, photographic process, and presentation or direction of the subject.

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"New Topographics: Photographs of a Man-Altered Landscape" was a groundbreaking exhibition of contemporary landscape photography held at the George Eastman House's International Museum of Photography from October 1975 to February 1976.

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Invented around 2000, solarigraphy (also known as solargraphy) uses photographic paper without chemical processing, a pinhole camera and a scanner to create images that catch the daily journey of the sun along the sky with very long exposure times, from several hours to several years.

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Chimping is a colloquial term used in digital photography to describe the habit of checking every photo on the camera display (LCD) immediately after capture.

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A nifty fifty is a fast 50mm lens. The “nifty” part comes from a very wide aperture—under f/1.8. The “fifty” refers to the focal length. A fast 50mm lens is the closest you can get to the human eye

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Tog/Photog: It's short for a photographer. A Street Tog is slang for a street photographer

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"Digital Lasagna is a creative digital studio located in Charlotte, NC. We are a forward-thinking photographic content creator for digital platforms that specialize in serving up delicious bytes."

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Definition: Appearance of print in which tone reproduction is low in contrast, lacking deep blacks or brilliant whites.

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You know what actually causes those dust bunnies? They are teeny, tiny specs of dust, deep in the heart of the camera. This dust enters the camera during times of transition and susceptibility, like when the photographer switches lenses or lingers to put the body cap back on after taking a lens off.

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In digital photography and digital video, clipping is a result of capturing or processing an image where the intensity in a certain area falls outside the minimum and maximum intensity which can be represented. It is an instance of signal clipping in the image domain.

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In television, film, stage, or photographic lighting, a fill light may be used to reduce the contrast of a scene to match the dynamic range of the recording media and record the same amount of detail typically seen by eye in average lighting and considered normal.

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The key light is the first and usually most important light that a photographer, cinematographer, lighting cameraman, or other scene composer will use in a lighting setup. The purpose of the key light is to highlight the form and dimension of the subject.

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Tethered photography is the process of tethering your camera to a computer, using a cable, so that you can see the photos as you take them. This is a great way to ensure that you get the perfect shot, since you can make any changes you need without having to retake the photo.

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Besides the appeal to fine art photography, infrared and full spectrum photography are used in other fields. Many materials and dyes do not look the same in visible and infrared light. As a result, it can be used to spot camouflage, counterfeit money, and see through spills for document recovery.

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Composite photography is the use or combination of two or more different images to create a new one. Although it sounds simple, the creation of a new image using the composite method is a process that can take hours — it's something that requires constant practice in order to create believable compositions

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Lifestyle photography is a style of portrait photography that aims to capture real-life situations in an artistic manner. The purpose of this type of photography is to share people's stories through candid, unstaged scenes

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Urbex is a subfield of architecture photography, which takes many different forms. Mostly, it is about exploring the urban habitat and the countless exciting places within it. This usually involves entering abandoned buildings such as old factories, derelict residences or other urban ruins.

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Astrophotography, also known as astronomical imaging, is the photography or imaging of astronomical objects, celestial events, or areas of the night sky

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An ND filter acts like sunglasses would to your eyes, it blocks light coming into the lens like sunglasses blocks light coming into your eyes. ND stands for Neutral Density which means it blocks the light in a neutral way without changing the colour of the light.

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A CPL filter – which stands for circular polarizer/linear – is a glass attachment that can reduce the glare from reflected surfaces. Although there are various types available on the market, the most popular is the circular model, partly as it can fit easily onto the end of virtually any camera lens.

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Chromatic aberration, also known as color fringing, is a color distortion that creates an outline of unwanted color along the edges of objects in a photograph. Often, it appears along metallic surfaces or where there's a high contrast between light and dark objects, such as a black wall in front of a bright blue sky.

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A mirrorless camera can shoot completely silently. This means that if you're shooting wildlife, you don't have to worry about the sound of the mirror flicking up and scaring your subject; and if you like to shoot street images, you can do so without drawing attention to yourself.

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Asset Protection - Watermarks are used to protect images and visual files from being stolen and used or altered without the owner's permission

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Clamshell lighting is when the photographer uses two frontal light sources to illuminate the subject, helping to minimize shadows and often giving a glowing effect. Though usually achieved by using studio strobes, it can also be achieved using constant studio lights.

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Doubleback lighting, which I also found to be called as “badger” lighting is a creative two-light setup that helps to emphasize shadows which adds angles to the face and body

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High-key lighting reduces the lighting ratio in the scene, meaning there's less contrast between the darker tones and the brighter areas. Alternatively, low-key lighting has greater contrast between the dark and light areas of the image with a majority of the scene in shadow.

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Low-key lighting is a type of lighting style used in photography, film, and television that accentuates shadows, high contrast, and dark tones. The visual aesthetic of low-key lighting is usually achieved by using hard sources or key lights with minimal to no fill light.

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High-key lighting reduces the lighting ratio in the scene, meaning there's less contrast between the darker tones and the brighter areas. Alternatively, low-key lighting has greater contrast between the dark and light areas of the image with a majority of the scene in shadow.

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Diffraction is an optical effect which limits the total resolution of your photography — no matter how many megapixels your camera may have. It happens because light begins to disperse or "diffract" when passing through a small opening (such as your camera's aperture).

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IPS monitors or “In-Plane Switching” monitors, leverage liquid crystals aligned in parallel to produce rich colors. IPS panels are defined by the shifting patterns of their liquid crystals. These monitors were designed to overcome the limitations of TN panels.

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Anamorphic lenses are good for getting wide landscape shots, as they can showcase that vaster perspective. However, anamorphic lenses can also add drama to close-up shots. Their shallow depth of field creates a striking contrast between a hyper-focused subject and a blurred background.

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ATGNI. An acronym"All the gear, no idea." A comment about amateur photographers who have no idea what they're doing, but maintain proper gear.

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In the visual arts, gradation is the technique of gradually transitioning from one hue to another, or from one shade to another, or one texture to another. Space, distance, atmosphere, volume, and curved or rounded forms are some of the visual effects created with gradation.

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Professional photographers use a technique called focus stacking to portray multiple objects in focus on various focal planes in one sharp image where everything is in focus, essentially mimicking a greater depth of field without any loss of definition.

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The Sunny f16 rule states that, on sunny days, at an aperture of f/16, your shutter speed is the inverse of your ISO value. This means that if you are at, say, aperture f/16 and ISO 100, your shutter speed should be 1/100 seconds. This is one of the easiest photography rules to remember.